We must work to identify and eliminate individual and systemic racism within our force, the Navys top uniformed officer, Adm. Mike Gilday, said in June, adding that the new program would work to identify and remove racial barriers and improve inclusion within our Navy. But even as these top-down initiatives are being put into place, experts are repeatedly warning of white supremacy in the ranks. About 15 years ago, he joined a local V.F.W. There were 40,000 GIs on the island, and the MPs had to corral See the article in its original context from. We held classes on Black history on the ship, and I would talk to the other Black Marines about nonviolent resistance. That didnt matter. At about 10:30 p.m., when Marines began leaving the clubroom, a white enlisted man burst into the room "extremely bloody" and exclaimed loudly that he had been assaulted by a group of black Marines. Japan Times. jumped out of his car and pulled the couple into the vehicle. But several thousand angry Okinawans continued to rampage, Lance Cpl. All United States military bases on Okinawa were put on alert. The capital, construction and facilities department at Cuyahoga Community College is seeking public input for the colleges 10-Year Integrated Facilities Plan. Nearly 700 whites and Negroes were arrested in weeks of repeated disorders. island the following November. Find a copy of the Cleveland Jewish News. It was the first time she saw him since he went away to boot camp in 1970. the men. Encountering slow service at a restaurant run by white people, he suspected racism and wasnt quiet about it. Nine arrested. House Armed Services Committee. The ships radio station the loudspeaker system Jenkins played music on in the evenings was one of the few sources of entertainment, and now even that became a point of contention. Outbreak followed a speech by SNCC leader "Rap" Brown, who was later arrested, charged with inciting to riot. Los Angeles, June 13 and July 6Negroes pelted firemen rocks and bottles in and near the Watts area, scene of a massive riot in 1965. I think I was singled out not just for the music, but because I was the most boisterous, Jenkins recalls. An Air Force MP addicted Youngstown, Ohio, July 22Negroes threw dynamite and fire bombs, harassed police and firemen. A twin-rotor CH-46 helicopter landed on the Sumter, loaded at least six Marines Jenkins, Barnwell and Blackwell among them and flew off. The three Marines in Okinawa were never told why the lawyer promised to them never arrived, and they came to rely on a free legal clinic in Koza, outside of Kadena Air Base, where Bart Lubow, a 25-year-old civilian from Long Island, N.Y., worked as a legal assistant. Thats when Krueger, two first lieutenants, a gunnery sergeant and a staff sergeant came to arrest Jenkins. The Kitty Hawk berthed back into San Diego on Nov. 28, 284 days away from home and a month-and-a-half after the riots. The MPs could only watch as the crowd pushed American cars, National Guard restored order. Rain and snow in the morning changing to rain late. Sun, up down. Stay informed daily on the latest news and advice on COVID-19 from the editors at U.S. News & World Report. Whether a camp hires professionals to be counselors, or brings in professionals for a special treat to campers, their knowledge and experience can have significant impact on what the ca. On leave newspapers that covered their case. The Koza Riot/Uprising took place in the early morning hours of December 20, 1970. This year's riot season began April 7. license plate Keystone of the Pacific it reads to an exhibit They tapped Ed Bell, a young Oakland-based lawyer who planned to catch a military cargo flight to meet his clients in Okinawa. The five days of violence left 34 dead, 1,032 injured, nearly 4,000 arrested and $40 million worth of property destroyed. Riviera Beach, Fla., July 30 and 31Police fired tear gas to break up a Negro rampage. I was hoping that at least one of the two of them would be in a stable situation and be able to be here now, Jenkins says. Black and white Marines alike recall that a series of fistfights throughout the deployment increased in frequency in the early days of September on Sumter. The consequences of less than fully honorable discharges are lifelong. Louisville, Ky., April 11 to mid-JuneNegro demonstrations for open housing drew harassment from whites who threw rocks and bottles. At Misato, about 2,600 Okina wans participated in a demon stration yesterday demanding immediate and complete re moval of United States nerve gas stored on the Pacific island. Lorain, Ohio, July 27National Guardsmen were sent in after a wave of vandalism and fire-bombing. In an interview, he recalled Black Marines testing the limits of discipline in a number of ways, including humming the tune of White Mans Got a God Complex as a form of protest. Jenkins kept playing the newest records and tapes he could find by Black artists, many of which reflected the antiwar and Black-liberation movements happening at home, alongside country and western albums and hits by the Beatles. Harry R. Wilson and Pfc. the U.S. to keep its base because they fear the Chinese. National Guardsmen protected the Kentucky Derby. an injustice. Prattville, Ala., June 11national guard sent in after Negro gunman battled police following the arrest of Stokely Carmichael. Mr. Sato. girlfriend had wandered into the growing crowd, which was getting For members of Congress like Hbert, Vinson and Stennis, the civil rights movement was an existential threat to the established order. The experience so shook Jenkins that he sold the rifle for almost half of what he paid, just to get it out of his house. One black marine, a decorated veteran of Vietnam, who was branded a "militant", or troublemaker, on the base, told a newsman that he had grown tired of trying to make it in the Corps and being thwarted by discriminatory practices. to heroin was robbing local mom-and-pop stores. On days when his mind goes back to the Sumter, his wife can tell, because he falls quiet for hours at a time. [1] Most of the Black Marines came from poor, rural communities from Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. Hartford, Conn., July 14Eleven policemen were hurt, 20 Negroes arrested as gangs threw bricks and fire bombs. Damage estimated at 2 million dollars. A crowd of onlookers remained behind to discuss the accident. People climbed onto [9], Two American military police vehicles also arrived, sirens blaring. Three persons wounded. Along with the lawyers Bill Schaap and Doug Sorensen, the legal assistants Ellen Ray and Lubow helped Jenkins, Barnwell and Blackwell mount a defense during the militarys equivalent of a grand jury hearing. Recently the service chiefs announced a new round of task forces devoted to stamping out structural racism. Minneapolis, July 19 through 24National Guardsmen were sent in to quell an outbreak of violence. One white lieutenant is said to have had a Black Marine thrown into the ships brig a jail with barred cells and fed only bread and water for three days for nothing more than not having his uniform completely in order. notes. This white Marine lawyer sits me down and says if I just blame everything on Jenkins, Barnwell and Blackwell, Id be home for Christmas, Holmes said. Washington, D.C. GPO, 1973. On duty as the officer of the day on Sept. 7, he heard a verbal disagreement outside the mess decks that quickly escalated into the smacking sounds of fists. The incident broke. Dayton, Ohio, June 14 through 17An outburst of window smashing, fire-setting and looting followed a speech by Habert G. ("Rap") Brown, head of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. More than 4,000 were arrested, U.S. Army troops and National Guardsmen went in to aid local police. Dozens were charged with. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. In the summer of 1967, simmering tensions between the police and the black community in Detroit, Michigan exploded into five chaotic days of . He left Okinawa in December 1971, completed his army tour of It took National Guardsmen to quell first uprising. roofs, showering the MPs with rocks and bottles. [10] In the end, many were injured, including 60 Americans and 27 Okinawans, and 82 people were arrested. A white Marine captain jumped out of his chair so forcefully that it flipped over. For Jenkins, Barnwell and Blackwell, the days and weeks that followed would have lasting repercussions on the rest of their lives. duty in August 1972, and returned to Cleveland, raising two About 800 United States troops and military policemen fired warning shots and scores of tear gas shells to disperse the rioters. The same officer returned to the brig to further harass and physically beat the man, according to the legal teams account. Regardless of what happened, the local police couldnt do Back in their jail cells on Okinawa, Jenkins, Barnwell and Blackwell awaited the arrival of a lawyer from the States. Okinawan police were able to remove the American driver safely from the scene, but the confrontation continued to escalate. July 1. I felt besieged by the system, Jenkins says, because the system was always trying to get me, on something.. Rampant alcohol and drug use among Americans made the MPs task The commission found that in the 1967 riots, 83 people were killed and 1,800 injured, most of them African-American, and property valued at more than $100 million was damaged, looted or destroyed . That record, which he shared with The Times, details a military justice system on Okinawa rife with racial animus that disproportionately punished Black Marines, even for noncrimes like dapping, or for showing a closed-fist gesture among other Black service members. Forty-eight years later, Jenkins has no recollection of this particular incident. Marin City, Calif., July 26 and 27Negroes set fires, shot at firemen. The four men were then about to get back into their car to leave the scene when they were confronted by a number of Okinawan taxi drivers who had witnessed the accident. Sacramento, Calif., July 26 and 27Store windows were smashed, fire bombs thrown. Poland and proud to come to this country and be Americans.. Alexander Jenkins Jr., a 19-year-old from Newport News, Va., whose outgoing personality had earned him a turn as the ships D.J. Forty six sailors are injured in a race riot involving more than 100 sailors on the aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk en route to her station in the Gulf of Tonkin off Vietnam. Chance of rain 100%.. Cloudy with periods of rain. But such security was ephemeral. Winds W at 10 to 20 mph. [4][13], A song on the eponymous debut album of the Okinawa-based electronic duo Ryukyu Underground is entitled "Koza Riot".[14]. In 1969, Bruce Lieber was 20 years old and facing the draft. The riots, which took place . Ive been a recluse all these years, because I didnt want these questions asked, and didnt want to talk about it, Jenkins says. On the same day, a race riot breaks out in Tampa, Florida. Back on the ship, 20-year-old Lance Cpl. One killed, three injured. Englewood, N.J., July 22 through 24Several nights of violence. In Koza, New Rochelle, N.Y., July 27Negro youths returning from a community-action program threw rocks through windows and looted stores. University and was likely headed to Vietnam. The local police got through, Here are the numbers of cities hit by racial violence this year, by States: New Jersey, 14 cities; Michigan 11, California 11, New York 11, Ohio 10, Illinois 9, Florida 5, Alabama 3, Connecticut 3, North Carolina 3, Pennsylvania 3, Arizona 2, Iowa 2, Mississippi 2, Tennessee 2, and one in each of the following States: Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Oregon, Rhode Island, Texas, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin and the District of Columbia. Waterloo, Ia., July 9 and 10Five hurt in two nights of minor disturbances. I turn around and hear the sound. Greensboro, N.C., July 17Negroes and whites battled with rocks after police charged five whites with terrorizing a Negro minister in his home. The demonstrators said the United States, in a re cent Washington announcement about the planned removal of the gas, did not say if adequate safety measures would be taken. Plainfield, Irvington, Orange, East Orange, Montclair, Asbury Park, New Brunswick, Elizabeth, Paterson, Jersey CityIn wake of Newark rioting, violence spread into all these nearby New Jersey cities. Fifty years ago Wednesday, Plymouth Avenue in Minneapolis went up in flames. And I He knew I was supposed to be out of the Marine Corps in November anyway, so he was just trying to get me to flip on my friends. Holmes refused. Springfield, Ohio, July 27Five persons were arrested after rock-throwing and fire-bombing. I was playing Whats Going On by Marvin Gaye, and I was playing Bring the Boys Home by Freda Payne, Jenkins recalls. For self-defense, he bought an AR-15 for $500, similar to the M16 he carried in the Marines. Weve seen enough injustice in our lives, he muses, Okinawa, 1966 - 1967: I entered the U.S. Air Force shortly after graduating from Franklin & Marshall College in 1964. Jenkins and two of his close friends were about to have their young lives upended by an incident that was hardly reported and remained almost invisible to the public. The more besieged the Black Marines on the Sumter felt, the tighter they drew together for mutual support and protection. Choose from the CJN's informative e-newsletters. Many of us at Camp Lejeune that night were so involved with the moon landing that we didn't hear about the riots until later. Black men are getting written up for the length of our hair, and harassed about our uniforms., Jenkins says that all the Marines on the ship wanted to go ashore and fight the Viet Cong, but now, without any other outlets, they were fighting each other. from his tour in Okinawa, reading more about the 25-year American Lieber recalls, where he liked to go to the beach and snorkel. Philadelphia, June 13Four policemen hurt, 25 arrests, in rock and bottle-throwing over 12-block area. After the 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., who had opposed the Vietnam War and the use of Black people in the conflict, a series of race riots swept dozens of American cities and racial tensions were heightened throughout American society. The rioters broke into, turned over, and torched over seventy cars, and continued to throw rocks and bottles, along with Molotov cocktails assembled in nearby homes, bars, restaurants, and other establishments. The 1967 Newark riots was one of 159 race riots that swept cities in the United States during the "Long Hot Summer of 1967". James Blackwell also struggled when he got home. From then on until 11 p.m., fights broke out around the area which left 15 Marines injured and one, Corporal Edward E. Blankston, a three time wounded Vietnam veteran, dead of massive head injuries. Sandusky, Ohio, Aug. 2Negro teen-agers smashed windows and tossed fire bombs at two shopping centers after a Negro home was fire-bombed and several other Negro homes vandalized by four whites. In their note, the Black Marines told Krueger that they were being denied the right to play their own music. Lieber arrived in Koza in May 1970, right after a traffic High around 40F. The helicopter put the men ashore in Vietnam. Sign up for our newsletter to get the best of At War delivered to your inbox every week. About 800 United States troops and military policemen fired warning shots and scores of tear gas shells to disperse the rioters. They were also charged with various counts of assault, riot and resisting arrest. At one point, the club manager called the regimental commander to warn of the increasing tensions but no action was taken. Cleveland, April 16Negro youths smashed windows and looted stores in Hough area, scene of 1966 rioting. Naha AB was the smaller of . marking the riot at a local museum. Rainfall near a quarter of an inch. He says the only thing that saved him was some advice he got from his uncle, John A. Jenkins, a Korean War combat vet, when he first got home from Okinawa. White noncommissioned officers prowled the berthing areas, harassing Black Marines. Sign up to receive the latest updates from U.S News & World Report and our trusted partners and sponsors. 5 September 2014. Portland, Oreg., July 30 and 31National Guard was put on alert as gangs of Negroes roamed through 30 square blocks throwing rocks, smashing store windows. He began to One evening in late August 1972, as the American tank-landing ship U.S.S. You have to know what to do and what not to do. Jenkins set out on the straight and narrow, opting out of joints passed around at parties and being meticulous about observing traffic laws. The Were not Though nobody knew it at the moment, that song was about to set off a series of events that would leave three Black Marines facing charges of mutiny and the possibility of execution or lengthy imprisonment. populace. I really dont understand, Jenkins countered. [5][6] This incident fueled the growing discontent of Okinawans with the standard status of forces that exempted US servicemen from Okinawan justice. Lakeland, Fla., July 20Negro youths hurled fire bombs into white-owned grocery stores. He married, and when he had a family to support, he left school in favor of getting a full-time job as a truck driver. It was Lubow who wrote the near-contemporaneous account of the clashes on the ship. They kept him in a shed, and he could only see from peeking out through the cracks, she says. says, it was not a big surprise when the tinderbox of local The three Marines became little more than statistics in the Corpss dismal record of race relations in the Vietnam era. Two traffic accidents set off the crowd that day, Lieber says. Middletown, Ohio, June 14Negro youths threw rocks at cars, stores and homes. In the last decade, he kept in touch via a website with some MPs Some of the rioters danced traditional folk dances as the riot continued around them; others passed through the gate into the Air Force Base, overturning and torching cars, breaking windows, and destroying property. Sometimes soldiers were sent off the island, and if there was a San Diego, Calif., May 21 Police arrested 38 in breaking up riot at a rock-and-roll concert. The U.S. plans to The Air Force then fired water cannons, turning the Barnwell seems to have fared even worse. Holmes readily admitted what happened and expressed regret. Highway 24. The mutiny charges were dropped and eventually the other charges were too, in exchange for the three Marines accepting unfavorable administrative separations in lieu of courts-martial. Lieber and his fellow MPs attempted to help the American, but Police, moving in quickly but quietly, restored order before dawn. While the newly arrived MPs attempted to extricate their comrades from the situation, the crowd had the victim lie down where he'd been hit, and had him reenact the incident. One of Blackwells cousins in Chicago got the attention of the National Conference of Black Lawyers, who promised to send a defense attorney. His family was never notified of his death, and after 90 days, his remains were cremated and his ashes interred in a mass grave for unclaimed bodies in Los Angeles County. This year marked the 50th anniversary of the Rochester, New York, "race riots," which occurred over three days from July 24 to July 26, 1964. [1][2] In the riot, approximately 60 Americans and 27 Okinawans were injured, 80 cars were burned, and several buildings on Kadena Air Base were destroyed or heavily damaged.[3][4]. Despite these findings, there would be little accountability among leaders for the racial injustices that were festering within the ranks. Grand Rapids, Mich., July 23 through 25National Guardsmen and State police were sent in as fire-bombing and looting went on for several days. Property damage has approached 1 billion dollars. Alexander Jenkins Jr. (back left, in glasses) and Pfc. Tight quarters left little room for the men to blow off steam, and small routine squabbles soon escalated. Bettmann/Getty Images. Vallejo, Calif., May 21Negroes stoned cars, snipers battled police after a drag race was broken up. Sherwood notes that Hbert was part of a broad coalition of Southern segregationists in Congress two of whom, Representative Carl Vinson of Georgia and Senator John C. Stennis of Mississippi, the Navy later named aircraft carriers for that had a great deal of influence on the Navy, and by extension, the Marine Corps, in the pre-Zumwalt era. Bell took them at their word, turned around and went home. I didnt want to get shot without a trial, he recalled. Roanoke, Va., June 23A near-riot in Negro business section injured several. especially in our own world Jewish community.. Congress. There are varying accounts of what happened and why. In Jersey City, violence ended quickly after mayor took a tough stand. Alexander Holmes of Brooklyn realized that Jenkins, Barnwell and Blackwell were in real trouble. Buffalo, N.Y., June 27, 28 and 29About 100 were injured, 200 arrested,damage was estimated at $250,000 in three nights of vandalism, arson and looting. An around-the-clock curfew was imposed, shutting up the city tight. Subscribe today! The case did not attract wide public attention, though it was one of many that revealed the institutional racial biases that held strong across the American military decades after the armed forces were desegregated. (11 Jul 1967) The town of Waterllo, Iowa suffered an outbreak of racial rioting. The Marines eventually dropped their charges of incitement against Holmes, and he flew to Naval Station Treasure Island in San Francisco in February 1973, collected his honorable-discharge paperwork and returned to Brooklyn to begin college. In Danang, Jenkins recalled, a colonel sat him down in a room and accused him of either being a communist or a part of the Black power movement. But playing White Mans Got a God Complex by the Last Poets really set the white guys off.. It became difficult for him to keep going back, because so many appeared to be drinking themselves to death. In the years that followed, his successor continued his efforts on racial equity, but over time the attention to reform petered out. Jenkins had wanted to join the Corps since he was very young, and studied its history before joining at age 17. New York City, July 22, 23 and 24Two were killed in repeated riots in "Spanish Harlem." I didnt want to be Marines. says Lieber. Hattiesburg, Miss., July 22Police arrested 27 Negroes for disturbing peace in a boycott of stores. Toledo, Ohio, July 23Negro rampage brought in National Guard with orders to shoot to kill. Supermarket windows were broken. Police used a new aerosol tear-gas gun, called the Chemical Mace, and credited it with averting serious trouble. This article originally appeared in the Aug. 14, 1967, edition of U.S. News & World Report. Two traffic accidents. I dont think I hit him, but Im the one they arrested for it, Jenkins says. I feel very almost guilty about this situation that neither of those two are here., While most days are better, Jenkins struggled with thoughts of suicide as recently as 10 years ago. angry mob around for good. Okinawa was a staging area for Property and cars were damaged.Find out more about AP Archive: http://www.ap. the American couple to safety. Anyone can read what you share. Jenkins in March 1972 in the barracks on base at Camp Foster, where he was stationed for one year. Thats why I feel so alone, you know. She recalls him talking about his time on Okinawa awaiting his court-martial. On July 27, after new outbreak of vandalism, mayor declared a state of "limited emergency.". NAHA, Okinawa Nightlong leftist demonstrations tore this Pacific Island capital today and forced visiting Japanese Prime Minister Eisaku Sato to take refuge in a U.S. military camp. [1] [2] In the riot, approximately 60 Americans and 27 Okinawans were injured, 80 cars were burned, and several buildings on Kadena Air Base were destroyed or heavily damaged.
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