City Manager Plan: elected officials hired an outside expertoften a professionally trained business West and East. It spans 900 feet (270 m) with a 17-foot (5.2 m) wide trail across the top that hikers use to cross to the opposite side. Fourth, dams alter water quality. Taft made Richard A. Ballinger as o Longer life expectancy The exploitation of Californias natural resources continued unabated in the years leading up to Hetch Hetchy. Photo: Kim Lawson. The construction of the Hetch Hetchy Railroad took place from 1915 to 1918. The people of San Francisco won and were able to build a reservoir in the valley. As of 2013, the water storage and hydroelectric power supplied by the Hetch Hetchy Project serviced an estimated 2.6 million people in the San Francisco Bay Area. taken to Pinchothead of the Forest Servicewho took the information to the president. Be specific. In American politics during the late nineteenth century. . be the Republican candidate. It pitted a powerful city against a dedicated group of conservationists. It was the fourth Panic in 34 years. These helped to advance the By 1919,how many states had granted women the right to vote? Belief in the influence of the environment on individual development. The first is utilitarian conservation. What was the Hetch-Hetchy controversy? They refused to support the war effortgrowing "Social justice" a kind of justice that goes beyond the individual, seeking justice for society as a whole. Initiative: o Social cohesion: individuals are part of a great web of social relationships, and each person's of terror in the first years of the twentieth century. The muckrakers played a highly visible role during the Progressive Era. Called for arbitration between the groups. Pinchot upset and leaked the information to the press and asked Congress to investigate. C. favored the direct election of United States senators. The Panic of 1907 was a relatively serious economic downturn in the United States caused by a New York credit crunch that spread across the nation and led to the closings of banks and businesses. Morgan not used to being told "no". Monroe went on to lobby members of Congress as the battle moved to Washington D.C. She was a tireless advocate who believed that people needed to be educated in order to do what was best for everyone involved. As well dam for water-tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.. Start by hiking across the OShaughnessy Dam then turn east along the shore of the reservoir. special experiences and special sensitivities. Then, in 1906, a devastating earthquake caused a series of fires in San Francisco that destroyed 25,000 buildings across 490 city blocks. Residents from San Francisco, however, wanted to use the territory to get water for their growing population. This 1910 view shows Kolana Rock and Tueeulala Falls in the background. It also was an early battle of conservatives vs progressives. But camped together beside jewel-like Lake McDonald in what would become Glacier National Park, they took a liking to each other. He was upset with Taft and felt he was the only one that could reunite the Republican Party. They also remove water needed for healthy in-stream ecosystems. WWI dramatically weakened the socialists. Not to be outdone by Los Angeles, San Francisco had a greater feat in mind: dam the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park and pipe the water into San Francisco. The inadequacy of the citys existing water supply came into sharp focus. Like light shining through a prism, our views today must reflect the colorful variety of perspectives passed down through history. Why did progressives place a high value on knowledge and expertise? This is why environmental impact statements, which were not required prior to 1969, are so important today. For Muir, damming Hetch Hetchy was a blasphemy. Should nature be left alone so that flora and fauna flourish while people enjoy its primal wonders? Plus, the granite walls converge into a narrow outlet at the bottom of the valley the perfect location for a dam. Answer (a), (b), and (c). 02/08/2011. Formed alliances with other women's groups to get things done (Women's Trade Union LeagueWTUL). At the time, neither side understood the long-range consequences of human actions to manage the environment. William Howard Taft assumed the presidency in 1909he was Roosevelt's most trusted lieutenant and handpicked successor. In his political program known as "New Freedom," Woodrow Wilson believed trusts Buck Meadows is also a great place to spend the night. In: Educational Resources, History, National Parks, Your email address will not be published. suffered defeat). Once the glaciers retreated, tributaries leading into the main river were left hanging hundreds or thousands of feet above the valley floor, creating the beautiful waterfalls we know today. Suffrage would be a threat to the "natural order" of civilization. To bring relief to the situation, United States Secretary of the Treasury George B. Cortelyou ponied up $35 million of Federal money to quell the storm. o Creation of a commission to regulate public utilities. Hetch Hetchy is the incredible story of Americas most controversial dam and the birth of the environmental movement. government should improve and stabilize society. National opinion divided between giving San Francisco the right to dam the valley and preserving the valley from development. Roosevelt continued with the lawsuit and the Supreme Court ruled that the Northern Securities Company must be dissolved. For Chapter 29 only read and take notes on pages 679-685 Key Concept 7.1: Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to . In 1923, the O'Shaughnessy Damwas completed on the Tuolumne River, flooding the entire valley under the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir. both A and B You might as well deface the worlds great cathedrals, he said, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man. The issue was decided in December 1913, when Woodrow Wilson signed the Raker Bill into law, authorizing the dams construction. Does the decision to make a blockbuster movie mean that some other more Public disapproval nationwide with the Raker Act helped to bring about the creation of the National Park Service. What impact did Roosevelt have on American conservation? o Opponents called them the "Wobblies". America needed enlightened experts and well-designed bureaucracies to create stability. Before they could break ground at the OShaughnessy Dam, more infrastructure was required. The surface of the water hides an additional 300 feet of granite cliffs and once-upon-a-time waterfalls within its depths. Photo: Kim Lawson. Describe the controversy that destroyed Taft's popularity with reformers for good. Congress has set aside the Yosemite Valley as a state park in 1864, established a national park around it in 1890, and then reclaimed the valley as part of the national park in 1903. In 1900, the emergence of research laboratories in American corporations. What dramatically weakened the socialists? APUSH Chapter 21 Vocabulary. Formerly called Buck Meadows Restaurant and Bar, the new caf crosses rustic-mountain flair with roadside cafe friendliness. The story of these two icons of American environmentalism is told in John Claytons bookNatural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, published last August. For most of the year the waterfall offers a refreshing shower or cooling mist along with an amazing view. Due to Union pressures, other similar laws were passed in should exist only if they benefited the middle-class. Strengthen the government's ability to break up trusts. In his classic account of the controversy in Wilderness and the American Mind (1967), Roderick Nash concluded that "The extent and vigor of the resistance to San Francisco's plans for Hetch Hetchy constituted tangible evidence for the existence of a wilderness cult [in the United States]. If, on the other hand, San Francisco gained control, it would signal in important victory for public power resulting in lower rates for the people. o 146 workers (most women) died. The Hetch Hetchy Controversy, 1903-13 Additional Resources in the Library of Congress The Library of Congress's General Collections include many materials related to the Hetch Hetchy controversy: books, pamphlets, and government documents. You might as well deface the world's great cathedrals, he said, "for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man." The issue was decided in December 1913, when Woodrow Wilson signed the Raker Bill into law, authorizing the dam's construction. It involved the unintended consequences of efforts to shape the environment to meet human needs. They were introvert and extrovert. Who was picked to be Roosevelt's successor? Aldo Leopold's visionary thinking still guides today's environmental stewards. Pinchot was Americas Forester. He served as the first head of the United States Forest Service. Appealed to workers, farmers and some middle-class Americans. Explain the success of the child-labor laws supported by Wilson. "HETCH HETCHY" ran the headline on September 4, 1913: The only time to set aside national parks is before the bustling needs of civilization have crept upon them. An unhealthy environment could lead to ignorance, poverty and even criminality. Gifford Pinchot: A 2021 Lesson From Americas First Forester, Meet The Real Life Batman & Robin Of The National Parks, Natural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism, Son of the Wilderness: The Life of John Muir, 10 EPIC Things to Do at Pinnacles National Park (Expert Guide) 2023, 25 MUST-SEE California Landmarks (Expert Guide + Photos). The walls of both are of gray granite, rise abruptly out of the flowery grass and groves are sculptured in the same style, and in both every rock is a glacial monument., (Source: Journal of Sierra Nevada History & Biography, Hetch-Hetchy, Natural History Before The Dam, Joe Medeiros), In defense of Hetch Hetchy, Muir crafted some of his most famous prose. As we all know, there is no use of water that is higher than the domestic use., He went on to say, We come straight to the question of whether the advantage of leaving this valley in a state of nature is greater than the advantage of using it for the benefit of the city of San Francisco.. San Francisco applied once again for rights to Hetch Hetchy in 1908. Clayton suggests that we are drawn to this conflict because its two characters embody deep conflicts within the American experience. Progressive political leaders, of whom Mayor Phelan was one, believed it was time to take this power away from the private interests and turn it over to the people. Hetch Hetchy was the first major battle of the environmental movement. respond? In 1901, one of the first professions to organize on a national level was in the field of, When it came to environmental issues, Theodore Roosevelt Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans. In 1908, by a wide margin, San Francisco voters approved building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. If you love that insider feeling of discovering an often-overlooked gem, plan a stop at Buck Meadows on your way to or from Hetch Hetchy. For western states, the most important target of reform energies was the federal governmentthey Sign up for the email list and join an active community of monthly readers. He was able to create balance and win reelection in 1904. o Efforts to limit the power of the party and improve the quality of elected officials. "Prohibition Law" declared it illegal to make, transport, or sell alcohol in the United States. By 1908, a different Interior Secretary, James R. Garfield, sided with the utilitarian conservationists and issued a permit for the Hetch Hetchy project. Not far from there, youll find more budget-minded lodging at Buck Meadows Lodge. "Progressive" Amendments: 17th Amendment, 18th Amendment, 19th . John Muir stands with President Theodore Roosevelt on Glacier Point in Yosemite National Park in 1903. Even in the summer when Yosemite Valley is being explored by visitors from around the world, Hetch Hetchy remains an oasis of relative calm. Hetch Hetchy, for the time being, was safe, and it would not be inundated during Roosevelts watch.. The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote. Muir fought in the pages of theAtlanticandHarpers Weekly. Subjects: 28 apush chapter . Hetch-Hetchy Controversy 598, A battle between preservationists and San Francisco in 1913, over Hetch Hetchy valley in Yosemite. What was the chief concern of the "Social Gospel"? But Hetch Hetchy was a federally protected as part of Yosemite National Park. o Faith in knowledge: applying to society the principles of natural and social sciences. Looking up at Wapama Falls from the footbridge on the hiking trail. You could miss this small mountain community if you blink at the wrong time, but it is home to a few remarkable small businesses. To do so, it would either have to buy out the private monopoly at an exorbitant price or outmaneuver or outbid Spring Valley for a potential new reservoir., (Source: Natural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, John Clayton). Challenges to traditional partiesGreenbacks, Populism, Mugwumps (Independent Republicans) Secret ballotsprinted by the government and distributed at the polls to be filled out and deposited in secrethelped chip away at the power of the parties over voters. Some clubs were important in winning passage of state (and ultimately federal) laws that regulated the food and drug industries, reformed policies with Native Americans, urban housing, manufacture and sale of alcohol, child labor laws, women's pensions. Why? The new 68-mile (109 km) railroad wound its way up the narrow canyon of the Tuolumne River past sharp curves and up steep 4% grades. Gravel, logs, and other important food and habitat features can become trapped. Pinchot argued that applying the principle of the greatest good for the greatest number, meant the benefits accrued to the people of San Francisco from having the dam far outweighed leaving the valley in its current state. The glacially-carved U-shaped valley floor maximizes the amount of water stored in the reservoir. To help the poor, there must be an improvement in the conditions. Hetch Hetchy was the first major battle of the environmental movement. Denouncing dam proponents as greedy, he wrote, These temple destroyers, devotees of ravaging commercialism, seem to have a perfect contempt for Nature, and instead of lifting their eyes to the God of the Mountains, life them to the Almighty Dollar. During the first years of his presidency, he was concerned with being reelected. It was one of the central institutions of the urban machine. by kylecwalden9, Feb. 2012. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. He lobbied congressmen, compromised with logging and mining companies, and argued for a forest system in which these disparate groups could jointly pursue their interests. Another popular trail crosses the OShaughnessy Dam and then takes a left turn to climb steeply out of the Hetch Hetchy valley. John Muir once described Hetch Hetchy Valley as, a grand landscape garden, one of Natures rarest and most precious mountain temples.. But during peak spring flow, the thundering waterfall can wash over the bridge making it dangerous to cross. To get to Hetch Hetchy, turn north off Highway 120 onto Evergreen Road about 1 mile (2.2 km) outside the Big Oak Flat Entrance gate, and 12.5 miles (20 km) east of the small community of Buck Meadows. Reformers viewed state legislatures as corruptincompetent, corrupt, controlled by party bosses. He read the book written by Upton SinclairThe JungleRoosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act. Those who presumed to speak for wealth, much of which flowed to San Francisco, believed they were transforming a pioneer land into a settled, civilized one. Money became extremely tight. John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy.` less demanding But what about when the lake dries? Triangle Shirtwaist fire: Union Labor Party(California) passed a child labor law, a workmen's compensation law, and the limitation on working hours for women. In the distance, long white plumes of water cascade hundreds of feet down from rocky heights. The history of Californias growth is inextricably linked to the search for water. Describe the emergence of the "New Woman" at the end of the nineteenth century. What was Roosevelt's policy towards labor? An adjacent building contains another five suites with vaulted ceilings, forest views and soaking tubs. In 1908, by a wide margin, San Francisco voters approved building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. Crusading journalists who began to direct public attention toward social, economic, and political He had journeyed to Washington to lobby the federal government on behalf of the project. 2023 Yosemite Mariposa County Tourism Bureau, Yosemite Itineraries: What to Do in Yosemite. Instead, it was a more complicated battle which pitted public interests against private interests. Like Muir, she felt the beauty of the valley was a national treasure which ought to be preserved. The National Park Service conducted research to determine what would happen if the dam were removed, and people have repeatedly proposed costly studies to further understand the consequences of removing the dam. The naturalists and advocates of the dam argued for years and eventually after WWI, the dam was approved and constructed. It damming in the 1920's caused major controversy among environmentalists. Rounding the corner and catching the first glimpses of Hetch Hetchy Valley reveals the play of light on water. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular high-walled valley within Yosemite National Park. Could you imagine building a dam inside a national park today? What is the Nineteenth Amendment? Pinchot was a blue blood, a Puritan, a community-oriented insider. Since December 19, 1913, when the Raker Act was signed by President Wilson, there has been a lamentation on the loss of Hetch Hetchy Valley. Explain your answer. The report cited other dam projects in making the argument that this project would increase tourism. Submit your nominations for the 2024 NEH Jefferson Lecturer, NEH Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities nominations. On returning home, he asked an Indian chief the name of the valley. RELATED: A Woman Started The Environmental Movement (Can It Continue?). It was such an evening as I have never had before or since. This friendship was critical to the success of the National Forest Commission. Us too! What caused a division between the president and the conservative wing of his party? C. Funding for public education was highest in rural areas. And today there is even an organization, Restore Hetch Hetchy, which is committed to doing just that. In 1909, Taft's popularity with reformers was destroyed for good. The new 68-mile (109 km) railroad wound its way up the narrow canyon of the Tuolumne River past sharp curves and up steep 4% grades. Finally, with the railroad complete, teams broke ground on the OShaughnessy Dam on August 1, 1919. On December 19, 1913, Congress passed and President Wilson signed the Raker Act which permitted the building of the OShaughnessy Dam and the flooding of the Hetch Hethcy Valley in Yosemite National Park. In national parks, preservation reigns king, the natural world kept, as best it can be, in its natural state. The battle for the Hetch Hetchy Valleys future was not simply preservation versus conservation. No BS! In spite of Muirs eloquent and heated objections, the Raker Act was signed into law in December of 1913. On the other, the drowned valley has become an oasis of solitude in a national park that, in many places, has come to resemble a shopping mall parking lot more than a nature reserve. When Taft lost progressive support in 1909, Roosevelt refused to back Taft in the election of 1912, so Roosevelt and his supporters set up the Progressive Party, called the Bull Moose Party with Roosevelt as their candidate. Use good judgment and stay safe. emergency exits to prevent workers from leaving "unjustly". Roosevelt also favored the natural beauty of the land and health of the wildlife. This time it was in favor those who wanted to preserve the valley for generations yet to come. Their rivalry spoke to rivalries at the core of the American experience. Chapter 28 Apush. Yosemite Westgate Lodge offers newly-remodeled and well-appointed modern accommodation. The water winds between granite features like Kolana Rock and Hetch Hetchy Dome. If you want to follow the old railroad line today, the Hetch Hetchy Road and most of the Mather Road were built on the old railroad bed and are beautiful scenic drives as well. should be ended altogether. o 1911, Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York destroyed by a terrible fire. How did Roosevelt respond to Taft's presidency? They wanted a federal law making lynching illegal. Most people called it Hetch Hetchy, a mispronunciation of a Central Mohawk word for a plant that indigenous people were harvesting there when the first white man came along.. social gospel. Opposition was led by John Muir and the Sierra Club. a. o Secret ballot The battle went on for over a decade over whether or not to have a dam. Popular at the turn of the twentieth century, it was closely linked to the settlement house movement, which brought middle-class, Anglo-American service volunteers into contact with . The chief replied, There is no valley. It was the second tallest dam in the U.S. at the time. Located at 3,900 feet, it boasts one of the longest hiking seasons in the park. Amateur and professional. The San Francisco Bulletin printed a Dec. 1, 1913, story calling the bills opponents a crowd ofnature lovers and fakers, who are waging a sentimental campaign to preserve the Hetch Hetchy Valley as a public playground, a purpose for which it has never been used.. Enjoy elegant touches like wrap-around porches, and fresh-baked cookies served daily. Yet we tend to focus on the latter, the story that pits Muir and Pinchot against each other. o As president, he became a champion of cautious, moderate change. Building the Hetch Hetchy dam in such a remote location was an enormous project. In the 21st century, Ken Brower, son of the renown environmentalist David Brower, wrote a fascinating account of the failed campaign to save Hetch Hetchy and the modern effort to Reverse an American Mistake, complete with speculation about how the rebirth of a wild valley might evolve. The Hetch Hetchy Valley was within Yosemite National Park and protected by the federal government, leaving it up to Congress to decide the valley's fate. What impact did muckrakers have on the American public? Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. . Youll just need to see them for yourself. The spacious rooms include access to a heated swimming pool, spa, playground, and laundry facilities. 1920, suffragists won ratification of the Nineteenth Amendmentguaranteed political rights to women throughout the nation. Montana In the 1890s, America faced an environmentalcrisis. While opponents of the dam were hard pressed for financial support, the city of San Franciscos campaign was well financed. The battle went on for over a decade over whether or not to have a dam. Describe three different progressive impulses. For Muir, damming Hetch Hetchy was a blasphemy. Even a short stroll from the car gives a magnificent view of the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir from the OShaughnessy Dam. o Technological innovationsrunning water, electricity, household appliances made housework ~ The establishment of the Civilian Conservation Corps ~ The creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority ~ The onset of the Dust Bowl b. In these magazines he articulated the diverse system that we now understand as public lands, a system that combines the preservation of national parks like Yosemite with a system of forests, protected by the federal government but open to every Americans use. First mass organization among women devoted to social reform. needed to be tightly regulated by the federal government. o Assistant secretary of the navyproponent of expansion At the time, suffrage seemed a radical demand. Lukas Keel was an intern withHumanitiesmagazine. What was the WTUL? The grassroots organization of environmental activism, established by John Muir and his supporters, became a model for future environmentalists. Describe the founding of the NAACP. What was the WCTU? How did they get their nickname? The Blackberry Inn Bed and Breakfast is just one of many welcoming businesses located on the way to Hetch Hetchy. Subject. But many residents of San Francisco worried about finding enough water to serve their growing Population, saw the valley as an ideal place for a reservoir. Including additions made between 1934 and 1938, the dam currently stands 430 feet (131 m) above the bedrock below. Unions: Within three years, Congress had passed the Organic Act, formally defining the parks and creating a new federal agency, the National Park Service, with a mission: to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.. More Than Just Parks | National Parks Guides. o Some felt that we needed to help the new residents adapt to American society. What was the social gospel Apush quizlet? It carried workers and materials for the dam, as well as tourists, postage and other amenities. What was it committed to? had particular strength in the West. o For the next three year, a state commission studied the background of the fire and the general It became a powerful movement within American Protestantism. The battle over Hetch Hetchy was a fight to determine whether a beautiful valley would remain in its natural state or service the growing city of San Franciscos water needs. He supported the Keating-Owen Act, which was the first federal law regulating child labor. Hull House Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. They formed an alliance around the belief that natural places like Lake McDonald were important enough for the federal government to permanently ownand manage. Do you feel that this is still the thinking of our current society? Others envisioned a moderate reform that would allow small-scale private enterprise to survive, but would nationalize major industries. They suggest that draining the reservoir and turning Hetch Hetchy Valley into a tourist center similar to Yosemite Valley could be worth up to $178 million per year. AMA called for strict, scientific standards. They felt government must regulate competition to ensure that large combinations did not emerge. But many residents of San Francisco worried about finding enough water to serve their growing population, and saw the valley as an ideal place for a reservoir. 46. B. led to a diversification of research interests. . helped establish the federal government's role in managing the nation's wilderness. How are these opinions different than and similar to today? 1902 in ordered the Justice Department to invoke the Sherman Antitrust Act against a new railroad monopoly in the NorthwestNorthern Securities Companyenterprise pieced together by J.P. Morgan and others. However, not until 1987 under President Reagan did hope resurfaced that we may actually get it back.
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