48 Danilou, Origen, 209. 10 Henri Crouzel, Origen (trans. And so, much of what we see in the culture of these cities, like Caesarea Maritima, is a kind of Greek city structure with a Roman political organization, playing off between the different elements of Roman and Greek city life. the following claim about Jesus's pre-existent soul: To prove that it was the perfection of his love and the sincerity of his true affection which gained for him this inseparable unity with God, so that the taking up of his soul was neither accidental nor the result of personal preference, but was a privilege conferred upon it as a reward for its virtues (Princ. During the second century and beyond there's a continuing engagement over a variety of issues. For a good rehearsal of Origen's expertise in philosophy, see Dorival, Gilles, L'apport d'Origne pour la connaissance de la philosophie grecque, in Origeniana Quinta (ed. 19 asserts that our souls are produced by God alone and in no way can be attributed to our parents, but it is not clear whether this creation happens with the emergence of the body or precedes it. Note as well the perspective by one of Origen's most important modern biographers, Eugne de Faye, in his Origen and His Work (trans. berlegungen zur Grenzziehung zwischen Platonismus und Christentum, TRu36 [1971] 285302). Content may require purchase if you do not have access. 148 0 obj <>stream Edwards, however, suggests that we read the phrase as from the beginning of his creation, i.e., Christ's soul was only created with his body and that from this beginning it clung to the Word. Carl. Jesus apparently grew up in Galilee which was at that time under Herod Antipas undergoing a form of Hellenization. 20.54; 20.135; 28.179. However, creationism becomes, according to J. N. D. Kelly, the prevalent Greek theory by the fourth century (Early Christian Doctrines [5th ed. In particular, Martyr used the Greek concept of internal and external thought to illustrate Jesus Christ's relationship with God, and thus Christ's messiah status. 1.7.2; 1.7.5; 2.9.7). See as well, Pamphilus, Apol. For additional passages where Origen is contrasted with an invariably deficient Plato, see: 45; 25; 2829; 3638; 4142; 61; 6869; 72; 87; 88 n. 146; 9395. And therefore to say that Jesus was in some way God incarnate presents a philosophical conundrum, because it's impossible to conceive of the transcendent as immanent, as embodied in human flesh, the way that Christians were coming to proclaim. Moreover, in many of these passages Origen speaks of a contrast between a discarnate and incarnate existence, and this distinction seems to lose its force if discarnate does not really mean discarnate (e.g., Princ. The Hellenic spirita concept Harnack usually left undefinedconstituted a threat to the undogmatic gospel of Jesus. Can you give just a general definition of what's meant by the term the Hellenistic world? Ti. My field is New Testament studies-in essence the continuation of his interest. 3.) Does it Make Sense to Speak of a Hellenization of Christianity in Antiquity? symposium. 126 0 obj <> endobj 2.1.13; Comm. Hostname: page-component-75b8448494-m747x 5.1.35; 5.4.3; Cels. ; A History of Early Christian Doctrine Before the Council of Nicaea; Philadelphia: Westminster, 1972) 2:415. Each of these native traditions likewise underwent hellenization (modifications based on Greek cultural ideas), but in a manner frequently different from their diasporic counterparts. The Greeks saw God as transcendent, present in everyday life and accessible to everyone, while Christianity's Saint Paul preached that "the power of God was made to work through human flesh," the savior Jesus Christ. @TJ. Ic}Z-i"L\/E%u3%K.\a3wny2 3.1.35. There used to be a debate in the literature over whether this council also published, in addition to its condemnation of Origen in the eleventh canon, a series of fifteen anathemas against his controversial teachings, pre-existence included (see esp. Harvey, Susan Ashbrook and Hunter, David G.; Oxford Handbooks; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008) 67290Google Scholar; Markschies, Christoph, Does it Make Sense to Speak of a Hellenization of Christianity in Antiquity? Church History and Religious Culture 92 (2012) 3334CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The Halle Danish, Leipzig mission, and Church of Sweden mission societies had a larger mission field in Tamil Nadu. ; History of Theology; Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1996] 1:170). 15.35; Comm. In 64 ce a fire destroyed much of Rome, and . 31 Comm. For more on the Aristotelian and Stoic views of embodiment, and their presence in Christian circles, see; Waszink, J. H., Quinti Septimi Florentis Tertulliani De Anima (Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae 100; Leiden: Brill, 2010) 34247Google Scholar. 25 All these verses (as well as Lev 17:14, Rom 7:23 and Gal 5:19) are listed and discussed at Princ. 2.18182 (GCS 4, 87.615/Origen: Commentary on the Gospel according to John, Books 110, [trans. E n^N GEbzSA5"Z>C=rJabDaK%LfOLYp#bod?9C7. See as well Edwards, Mark, Origen's Platonism. 163) where Origen only mentions two views, traducianism and pre-existence. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003)Google Scholar. tapes, transcripts & events, FRONTLINE is a registered trademark of wgbh educational foundation. Yet, there were also long periods of peace, and the stability provided by the empire and its network of roads and communications may have facilitated Christianitys growth. Ti. Non-standard abbreviation: GK = Origenes: Vier Bcher von den Prinzipien (ed. Augustine and Cassiodorus provide indirect evidence for this benefit of the theory. See also Princ. 27 Givens, Terryl L., When Souls Had Wings: Pre-Mortal Existence in Western Thought (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010) esp. let him be anathema (ACO 4.1, 242.3237transl. We do not know just what is meant by "the link between the Palestinian and hellenistic development of Judaism." But by this point in Greek philosophy, according to Harold W. Attridge of Yale Divinity School, there was a "growing appreciationfor the notion that there may be a single simple divine principle underlying all things." 82 See also Princ. Greg. 29 September 2015. R. P. Lawson; ACW 26; New York: Newman Press, 1957] 130). At the same time, Origen was convinced that philosophers were not an unalloyed evil. A common criticism of historic orthodox Christianity is the claim that early Christianity was corrupted by the intellectual forces of 'Hellenism.' (Hellenism, of course, refers to the influence of ancient Greek philosophy and culture, which spread throughout the Mediterranean world after the conquests of Alexander the Great in the fourth century BC.) This leads to our third observation. 20.182) (so also Brke, Georg, Des Origenes Lehre vom Urstand des Menschen, ZKT 72 [1950] 3033Google Scholar; Crouzel, Henri, Thologie de l'image de dieu chez Origne [Thologie (Aubier) 34; Paris: Aubier, 1956], 14853Google Scholar; Giulia Sfameni Gasparro, Doppia creazione e peccato di Adamo nel Peri Archon: Fondamenti biblici e presupposti Platonici dell esegesi Origeniana, in Origeniana Secunda: Second Colloque international des tudes origniennes, Bari 2023 septembre 1977 [ed. Gen. 16.3; Princ. 21 Aristotle, Gen. an. 1.pref.5 (GK 92, 13.711/Butterworth, 4). 32 For earlier writers, and bibliography, see Luc Brsard, Henri Crouzel, Marcel Borret, Origne. Corrections? Each persisted in its native land with little perceptible change save for its becoming linked to nationalistic or messianic movements (centring on a deliverer figure) seeking to overthrow Greco-Roman political and cultural domination. Rather, they worked with the Greek idiom. . 1.6.2; 2.9.12; 2.9.6; 3.5.4; Hom. Iamblichus, De Anima 26: Another set of Platonists . The Christians were not respectful toward ancestral pagan customs, and their preaching of a new king sounded like revolution. 6.21 Origen refers explicitly to Philo's interpretation of Jacob's ladder in this latter work where Philo's view of pre-existence is developedsee also Jerome, Jo. 76 For a partial commentary on this passage, see Robinson, T. M., Plato's Psychology (Phoenix, Supplementary Volume 8; 2nd ed. The teachings and way of life that marked an authentic Christianity often stood in a disjunctive relationship with Greco-Roman culture, especially its philosophies. 16 See Eusebius, Hist. 14.16; Hom. He expresses reserve about the value of philosophy, particular philosophical doctrines, or philosophers at Hom. There was already in Paul an unmistakably Hellenistic element. Already Pamphilus underscored the conjectural nature of Origen's overall thought: he is not declaring these things by a definitive pronouncement, nor is he defining them as secure dogma (Apol. Updates? Hellenization, or Hellenism, refers to the spread of Greek culture that had begun after the conquest of Alexander the Great in the fourth century, B.C.E. For many Jews, it seemed not to be a problem at all. 1.1.46; Hom. 2.6.3). 139 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[]/Index[126 23]/Info 125 0 R/Length 72/Prev 639192/Root 127 0 R/Size 149/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Pamphilus, Apol. And his conquest, which extended from India. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Philo of Alexandria had spoken of the Logos as mediating between the transcendent God and the created order. 60 Princ. Hier. A Definition of the Title Son of God in the Synoptic Gospels, Why Should an Atheist Have Faith [And This] In Jesus-Christ, NEW TESTAMENT CHRISTOLOGY: A CRITIQUE OF BOUSSETS INFLUENCE, THE RECEPTION OF JOHANNINE LOGOS: AN APPROPRIATION OF JAUSS-GADAMER HERMENEUTICS OF RECEPTION THEORY. While it has been deployed in surprisingly fluid ways, most scholars associate the thesis with Adolf von Harnack, for whom it acquired a decidedly critical valence. 88 Hom. 2; Cels. 166; Cassiodorus, De Anima 7; Gregory the Great, Ep. . bible history quiz. 40 Givens, When Souls Had Wings, 46. The search for the historical Jesus has resulted in the view that Jesus never was, nor claimed to be, any more than a mere man. 3:1011 (= Pamphilus, Apol. Origen makes the very same point in Comm. endstream endobj 127 0 obj <> endobj 128 0 obj <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 129 0 obj <>stream ; Translated Texts for Historians 51; Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2009) 2:28384 (Georgius Monachus, Chronicon [ed. 3.33). Gonzalez is the Patriots' only offensive or defensive rookie who I'd project will play more than 50 percent of the snaps . Jo. While majorities of both Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents (84%) and Republicans and Republican leaners (61%) say religion should be kept separate from . See Walther Vlker, Das Vollkommenheitsideal des Origenes: eine Untersuchung zur Geschichte der Frmmigkeit und zu den Anfngen christlicher Mystik (Beitrge zur historischen Theologie 7; Tbingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1931), where he argues for a merely formal influence of philosophy on Origen. 1.3.1; Ep. It is difficult (2) to explain how such a wide spectrum of figures fluent in Greek, both foe and friend to Origen, erroneously attributed pre-existence to him (e.g., Pamphilus, Epiphanius, Rufinus, Jerome, Theophilus, John of Jerusalem, Theodore of Mopsuestia, among others). Thomas P. Scheck; FC 120; Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2010] 11011).Pamphilus also makes Origen's view his own (Apol. The impact of Christianity following its legitimisation as the official state religion of Rome under Constantine in the 4th century contributed key impacts for the empire and its Hellenistic character. 3.1.1/GK 462, 195.8). 48). Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Why Do People Say Amen at the End of a Prayer? Published online by Cambridge University Press: 70.4 on the lost Stromateis of Origen, in which he compared Christian teachings with those of the philosophers, especially Plato, Aristotle, Numenius, and Cornutus. 30 See Her. I offer only quick responses. On the opening chapters of Genesis as an allegory of the drama of pre-existent souls and their fall, see Peter W. Martens, Origen's Doctrine of Pre-Existence and the Opening Chapters of Genesis, ZAC 16 (2012) 51649. On the Hellenic spirit, 1:49. 6; Nemesius, Nat. Justin and other Christian apologists certainly argued that the tradition of polytheistic belief and practice that was current in the Greco-Roman world was wrong, was immoral, and was philosophically deficient. Elsewhere: the only regrettable doctrine that has a real basis in his writings is the doctrine of the preexistence of souls (The Patristic Period [ed. For other places where Origen describes or defines souls, see esp. Educated Christians shared this literary tradition with educated pagans. Hellenistic Christianity is notable for its combination of Greek philosophy, ethics and morality with Christian belief. Eph. Jo. Thus, while not formally included in the acts of the council, the bishops certainly had Justinian's letter and these anathemas fresh in mind when they formally condemned Origen at the council. Here the prenatal state is described exclusively as a knowledge of forms (see esp. The nature of God was another tricky bridge between two schools of thought for Hellenistic Christianity to overcome. By and large, they sought both to make Christianity intelligible to members of Greco-Roman society and to define the Christian understanding of God, the divinity of Christ, and the resurrection of the body. 2.8; Hom. Its membership was drawn from the ethnic group for whom the deity was indigenous, and the group tended to continue to speak the native language. In 64 ce a fire destroyed much of Rome, and, in order to escape blame, the emperor Nero killed a vast multitude of Christians as scapegoats. Thus, the Christians could very well be unpopular, and they often were. So for some it probably meant no more than what it would be like to live in a modern city with a very mixed culture. The German and Swedish Lutheran Mission was a major and pioneering Protestant mission society that started its mission work in Tamil Nadu. At any time in the 2nd or 3rd centuries, Christians could find themselves the object of unpleasant attention. Jerome, Ep. You may be asking whether it is necessary to consider as heretics those who hold various opinions on these matters, or who investigate them in various ways. 24 Princ. This alternative view of the soul's embodiment within the Platonic tradition is an important corrective to the tendency to make the Platonic view on embodiment stand exclusively for pre-existence. %PDF-1.6 % 1.32. 34.5; Comm. 2.9.2 where Origen claims that the goodness of these prelapsarian souls was the result of their Creator's beneficence (GK 404, 165.21). 61 There is a substantial debate in the literature about whether rational souls were originally discarnate or were always associated with some sort of body. That seems to me a confusion. 2.6.37). 126.1; Rufinus, Anast. Rather than a god who dwelt in his temple, the diasporic traditions evolved complicated techniques for achieving visions, epiphanies (manifestations of a god), or heavenly journeys to a transcendent god. Today, much of modern Christianity has become inseparable from Greek philosophy and thought. While the Latin phrase is ambiguous, the larger context clarifies how it should be understood: in the lines that immediately follow, Origen says that Jesus's soul had already (iam) completely entered the Word before it was united to the body (GK 362, 143.12). 1.5.3; 1.6.2; 3.3.5. Matt. Hom. Some it rejects, others it approves of, the object being that the creature may be guided in accordance with these latter images. Thus, Origen continues, since there are in the nature of reason possibilities of contemplating good and evil, by following out which and contemplating them both we are led to choose good and avoid evil (Princ. Traditionally, "Hellenistic Judaism" was a designation for Judaism in the Greek-speaking world, including those Jews who spoke Greek and adopted (to some extent) a Greek way of life. behind the scenes 7.6; Comm. After Diocletians retirement, Galerius continued the persecution until 311, when he was stricken by a painful disease, described in exquisite detail by the church historian Eusebius, who believed it was an act of revenge by the Christian God. For a concise and balanced discussion of how Origen interacted with particular philosophical positions, see Chadwick, Henry, Origen, in Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy (ed. 2, 30.1832.19; Augustine, Acad. 163): the church's rule is silent about the issue of the origin of the soul. Henri Crouzel and Antonio Quacquarelli; Quaderni di Vetera Christianorum 15; Rome: Edizioni dell'Ateneo, 1980] 6364). Jes. ISIS is in Afghanistan, But Who Are They Really? that only the Trinity is incorporeal (see 2.2.2; 2.3.3). Other verses that suggest this doctrine include: Eccl 1:910 (Princ. : Harvard University Press, 1999] 76). hb```a``Rf`f`r,@br2a?u,YWw DE@h7E30xTTT4y"@ 9% For more on this theme, see Scott, D., Recollection and Experience: Plato's Theory of Learning and Its Successors (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 1:4); John 9:2 (Hom. Cant. 1.32 for the pre-existence of Jesus's soul. The two following essays deal with the ancient Hellenism. 8 Jean Danilou, Gospel Message and Hellenistic Culture (trans. The Hellenistic world is that world that was created after the conquests of the near east by Alexander the Great at the end of the fourth century B.C. We see bits and pieces of this in passages such as the prologue of the 4th Gospel where this concept of the logos comes to play. Jo. 51 Princ. It was a shift from birthright to convinced religion. The study of Hellenistic religions is a study of the dynamics of religious persistence and change in this vast and culturally varied area. and Commentaire sur le Cantique des Cantiques, SC 375 (Paris: Cerf, 1991) 4089, n. 1. See the bibliographic essay by Ulrich Berner, Origenes (Ertrge der Forschung 147; Darmstadt, Germany: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1981), for the divisive Bible versus philosophy portrait that has informed so much writing about Origen over the last two hundred years. its literature. 2.18182; Comm. 4.2.1), opponents (Princ. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Religion from the death of Alexander to the reformation of Augustus: 32327, Religion from the Augustan reformation to the death of Marcus Aurelius: 27, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hellenistic-religion, ReligionFacts - Hellenic Reconstructionism. ad Greg. Gen. 1 (=Eusebius, Marc. 5 See Harnack's distinction between Jewish and Hellenistic views of pre-existence and Origen's illustration of the latter variety (History of Dogma, 1:31831). It is not true to say.that Hellenism had no appreciable influence upon the development of Judaism; its influence was appreciable for many centuries; but it was driven out of the Jewish camp by the national sentiment aroused in the Maccabean and Bar Kokba revolts, and in forming the bridge between Judaism and Christianity it lost whatever . Io. For more on the distinction between the church's teaching and the scholar's research, see esp., Kettler, Franz Heinrich, Der ursprngliche Sinn der Dogmatik des Origenes (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fr die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der lteren Kirche 31; Berlin: Alfred Tpelmann, 1966)Google Scholar. He customarily mentioned Marcion, Valentinus and Basilides by name, or grouped them together as heretics (Princ. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 70 For Origen, as for other early Christian authors, the attractiveness of pre-existence was its ability to function as a theodicy. 6.19.58); Epiphanius, Pan. 1623. 2, and Cels. But there probably was no formal senatorial enactment proscribing Christianity at this time. 41 Harnack, History of Dogma, 1:9. 2.1; 2.3 (736a316); 2.4.25 (738b). would have been the Syrian kingdom, the Seleucid kingdom, and the Ptolemaic kingdom which survived in Egypt, which was finally taken over by Rome in 31 B.C. Pamphilus continued this observation, noting that Origen spoke hesitantly about the issue of the pre-existent soul (Apol. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. 2.9(22) (where he seems to endorse pre-existence) and Ep. Jean Hering, tude sur la doctrine de la chute et de la prexistence des mes chez Clment d'Alexandrie (Bibliothque de lcole des hautes tudes, sciences religieuses 38; Paris: E. Leroux, 1923) 2834. Some of them having to do with issues of ethics and morality. 19). eccl. The first (or inner circle) was composed of devout, full-time adherents of the cult for whom the deity retained a separate and decisive identity (e.g., those of Yahweh, Zeus Serapis, and Isis). From Palestine to Persia one may trace the rise of Wisdom literature (the teachings of a sage concerning the hidden purposes of the deity) and apocalyptic traditions (referring to a belief in the dramatic intervention of a god in human and natural events) that represent these central concernsi.e., national destiny, the importance of traditional lore, the saving power of kingship, and the revival of mythic images. 2. 2.6.4 [GK 364, 143.2427]). 6.6; 6.14.810). HVnH+ venY$LAn--8$5)Kb-{U`+?"J1lvy)JwM{UQT=&U{Q5"0Vv/C/4"reU]Y\47k2c St. Augustine held that although Classical literature contained superstitious imaginings, it included references to moral truths and learning that could be used in the service of God. What do you mean when you say Hellenistic? Hft; Gtersloh, Germany: C. Berteslmann, 1950) 92185. 20 See Comm. To regain divine protection, the emperors introduced the systematic persecution of Christians throughout the empire. See as well, Athanasius, Decr. by the Hebrew doctrine of Wisdom, but it does not follow that this doctrine was of influence with the writers of the New Testament. Bd., 3. And what was the language and culture of the Hellenistic world? 4.40 (SC 156, 290.25/Origen: Contra Celsum [trans. 1.pref.4. Richard Price; 2 vols. 38 Crouzel, Henri, Origne (Paris: Lethielleux, 1985) 21623Google Scholar. 72e77a to argue for the soul's pre-existent state where it contemplated the forms. Both Roman Catholicism and Protestantism belong to what can be termed Hellenistic Christianity, that is, a form of Christianity heavily influenced by Greek philosophies, particularly Gnosticism. Jewish culture and civilization during the Hellenistic period was in intense dialogue with Hellenistic culture and civilization, beginning with the translation of Hebrew scriptures into Greek, a translation which survives and which we know as the Septuagint. 1.7.2; 1.8.2; 2.9.5; 3.1.1; 3.1.23; Cels. For the most extensive comparison, see the recent study by Blosser, Benjamin P., Become Like the Angels: Origen's Doctrine of the Soul (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2012) 145219CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 85 Note esp. 3.4.2. . 1.6.4; 1.7.1).Beyond these points, I think there are three additional worries with Edwards's reconstruction: (1) he does not address the full range of passages in Origen's corpus where he speaks of souls or minds existing before their bodies, including those passages that speak of these rational creatures falling in the primordial realm prior to their embodiment (among others, Princ. See also, M. Edwards, Origen against Plato, 7. Luc. 2.9.5 (GK 410, 169.46/Butterworth, 133). SV&>zi{in^KFrtM1UkY r5vec1n>(Ex)&-V"h 0R%0H 84 Princ. So too Bostock: It must be recognized however that the Platonic or Pythagorean doctrine of pre-existence was not antagonistic to Jewish belief and that the difference between them was one of emphasis and viewpoint rather than of fundamental philosophy (The Sources, 260). 1:4. Although Judaism and early Christianity were affected by the surrounding culture in certain ways, they diligently guarded their religious beliefs and practices from Hellenistic pagan influences, even to the point of martyrdom. viewers' guide. Second-century Platonists, for example, found it easy to think of Mind (nous) or Reason (Logos) as divine power immanent within the world. { _ &g&>|{K]T 7)Z*"7pScB`UK A : Peter Smith, 1973] 2). 75 There are numerous references to Phaedrus in Origen's writingssee, for example, the index to Cels. 1, with entire article on 2 Pet 1:4, Controversy, Mythicism, and the Historical Jesus, Origen's Commentary on John Spiritual Interpretation, Polemics, and Transformation, Eusebius' Use of the Jewish Authors' Citations in the Apodeixis, Theosis: Deification in Christian Theology - Edited by Stephen Finlan and Vladimir Kharlamov. 1, Divine Impassibility: A Definition and Defense, Martin Hengel, the New Tubingen School, and the Study of Christian Origins, Paul and the Metaphysics of Wisdom: An Exegetical Study of Pauline God-Language, Justin's Life and Logos Christology: Pivotal Lenses for Today, Jesus the Messiah in Messianic Jewish Theology: The Shaping of Messianic Jewish Christology, The Jewish Nature of the Doctrine of the Trinity, A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF JEWISH COMMENTARIES AND PATRISTIC LITERATURE ON THE BOOK OF RUTH, Proto-Trinity: the development of the doctrine of the Trinity in the first and second Christian centuries, The Use of "Hellenistic Judaism" in Pauline Studies, HOW THE PROCESS OF DOCTRINAL STANDARDIZATION DURING THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE RELATES TO CHRISTIAN TRIUMPHALISM, De Lange_Jewish and Christian Messianic Hopes in pre-Islamic Byzantium_TTClark_2007.pdf, Nicholas de Lange, Jewish and Christian Messianic Hopes in Pre-Islamic Byzantium, in Markus Bockmuehl and James Carleton Paget, eds., Redemption and Resistance: The Messianic Hopes of Jews and Christians in Antiquity (London: T&T Clark, 2007), 274284, Wisdom and Word among the Hellenistic Saviors: The Function of Literacy (JSP forthcoming), What Christ Does, God Does: Surveying Recent Scholarship on Christological Monotheism, Irikefe, Odhe - 2013 - THE HUMANITY OF CHRIST IN JOHN 114 IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DIOCESE OF OLEH, ANGLICAN COMMUNION.pdf, CH 6010 Studies in the History of the Early Church Fall 2019, Evaluating Postmissionary Messianic Judaism: Authority, Christology and the Church of God, Prophet Jesus(pbuh): A Prophet, Not a Son of God, THE IMPACT OF CHRISTIANITY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MESSIANIC JEWISH THOUGHT, DER EINFLUSS DES CHRISTENTUMS AUF DIE ENTWICKLUNG DES MESSIANISCH JDISCHEN DENKEN S- THE IMPACT OF CHRISTIANITY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MESSIANIC JEWISH THOUGHT, East Meets West: An Exploration and Analysis of Eastern and Western Traditions, Gregory E. Lamb, "Literary Survey of the Second Temple Period (Including an Introduction to Greco-Roman Literature)", The Trinity A Hebrew concept presented in a Graeco-Roman context, Gnostic Origins and the Apocryphon of John, An Introduction to Presuppositional Apologetics.
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