best face masks for skin covid

The basic rules of using a face covering are fairly straightforward. Simson recommends using them only in situations where surgical masks with 510(k) clearance or emergency use authorizations are not available. And despite coming in only one size, this mask offers a sturdy nose-bridge wire and highly adjustable ear loops that enhance the seal on a wide variety of face sizes and shapes. 2. New research shows hospital mask mandates did little to slow the transmission of COVID-19 when Omicron was the dominant variant. According to our lab results, the Enro masks may be a bit more breathable than the Happy Masks Pro, given its pressure drop of 2.2 mmH2O (similar to that of the much-less-filtrating all-cotton Baggu, and less than half that of the Happy Masks Pros 4.6 mmH2O). The Starks Face Covering incorporates a sewn-in filter that claims to block particles as small as 0.3 micron. Even a quarter-inch can make a difference, Jun said, especially if you have a wider or thinner face, a longer chin, or a higher nose bridge. They will have a certification mark and the term NIOSH-approved. Best for sensitive skin: First Aid Beauty Ultra Repair Oatmeal Mask. Two medical-grade masks, N99 and N95, are the most effective at filtering viral particles. A little bit [of protection] from a lot of people can go a long way, said LOrange. However, one tester found it to be hot and humid after all-day wear. If your cloth mask fits great but doesnt contain a filter or pocket, thats okay too. It took several washes for the synthetic smell of the Outdoor Research Face Cover Kit to dissipate, and the removable filter (three included) sits in direct contact with the face. Masks feature adjustable ear loops and are. The National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory (NPPTL). Compared with our other recommendations, the Enro Tech Mask feels lighter and more breathable. In February 2021, ASTM International (formerly the American Society for Testing and Materials) approved a new standard for barrier face coverings in terms of filtration and breathability, as well as fit. Include a mix of fasteners. In real life, many of the particles youre likely to encounter will actually be fairly large, LOrange said: Particles generated from breathing can be as large as 5 microns, and those from talking as large as 10 microns or more. Buy directly from the manufacturers website or a reputable site. A filterone that is incorporated or fits in a pockethelps block tiny particles that one or two layers of cloth alone cant. What We Know, Is it 'COVID Eye' or Allergies? Face shields may also be useful as extra protection for those who are wearing a cloth mask in other close-range situations. Comfortable, looks nice, create a good seal with the face (no glasses steam), multiple layers of filtration. Because double masking can reduce breathability, which may force air around the sides of the mask rather than through it, it isnt a good idea to double up on N95s or KN95s. However, to avoid damaging the masks, we did not cut away any integrated labels. If youre stuffing a mask pocket, try to find a filter that covers the entire expanse of the mask and stays put. (Insert laugh-cry emoji.) Credit: Courtesy Image. If you find a mask you love, it may be best to buy multiples of that style. For a secure fit, adjust any back-of-the-head elastic bands by either tying a knot or placing the band atop a ponytail. The more visible openings you see in the fabric structure, the less effective the material may be at filtering particles, Ormond said. For a mask to work to its fullest potential, it has to fit. If a pleated mask gapes around your cheeks: This problem is commonmost people dont have a rectangular face. Masks are typically non-refundable; to ensure a reasonable fit, note a masks dimensions, and then measure your face (including the inches added by any facial hair and the height of your nose) with a soft tape measure to confirm that the numbers correspond. However, because ASTM International doesnt certify or validate a product as meeting these criteriait simply created themits up to manufacturers to follow through and government agencies to mandate the standard. But even if youre the only one wearing a mask, evidence suggests there is still a benefit. However, masks with pleats provide more leeway for higher nose bridges, said Michael Kaye, who teaches draping and sewing as an adjunct professor at New Yorks Fashion Institute of Technology. This mask may be too big for small-ish faces, particularly around the chin. You can also check out our picks for the best face masks for COVID-19 protection in 2022. Make sure the masks are of high quality. You must hand-wash and air-dry it, though. It comes with two filters; additional packs are sold separately. Although there are lots of masks that are highly effective by themselves (especially N95s or KN95s), some people may chose to double maskthat is, wearing a surgical-style mask underneath a cloth face mask. These are not intended to be reusable masks (you should dispose of them after use), but the company says the masks will give you "full protection" for at least eight hours of use. Whats more, if youre wearing a two-layer mask, and the person next to you is wearing the same mask, youre each protected by four layers of filtration. We favored machine-washable designs, but we made exceptions if the mask incorporated a high-performance filter. Washing your hands and wearing a face mask are your best defense against the spread of COVID-19, but for many it is taking a toll on their skin. And non-woven materials, such as the polypropylene layers in surgical and (presumably) surgical-style masks, can bolster protection against outgoing and incoming particles. What Is the Best Type of Face Mask for You? Heres what were buying. Dr David Jack Blue Face Peel Hydrating Balancing Mask 149, drdavidjack.com. Thats probably why the Northeastern University researchers have found that nylon-stocking seals often make less of a performance difference when layered over cone-shaped masks than when layered over masks of other shapes (though exactly how much of a difference may vary by individual; only one person took part in the study). Dont fall for one size fits all. That one size might not fit you. The company recently launched an upgraded style called the Ultra, which is said to have a stronger nose-bridge wire. Jenny Patinkin Face Masks $ 18.00 Jenny Patinkin $ 18.00 BlueMercury $ 18.00 Skinstore Figs FIONx Face Mask Another go-to face mask for King is the lightweight and stretchy face. So we favored masks that are adjustable in multiple ways andwhen worn properlycan filter airborne particles better than other cloth masks, while still being easy enough to breathe through. The agency noted that timing matters too: Youre more vulnerable to infection the longer you share air space with an infected person. Compared with less generously cut cone masks, pleated masks may also feel more comfortable to some people because they allow for space between the fabric and your cheeks. Pros. Anecdotal reports are surfacing that some people are developing tinnitus days after receiving one of the COVID vaccines. How to Tell the Difference, Shortness of Breath: A Rare Adverse Effect of the COVID-19 Vaccine, Why Drinking Urine Wont Protect You Against COVID-19 (and May Make You Sick), Mask Mandates in Hospitals May Have Done Little to Slow COVID-19 Omicron Transmission. You can also thread a strap of Velcro through the two ear loops so the mask attaches at the back of your head. So we started with the basics: fit and comfort. Ear loops tend to be easy to put on and take off, which is ideal for running impromptu errands and dining outside. A surgical-style mask (assuming its legitimate and made of non-woven materials) offers great filtration, while a good cloth face mask can be adjusted to secure a good fit. Take note, though, that these work only with generously cut masks, which maintain a good seal even as the central portion is propped up. A moldable wire helps a mask fit closely, preventing droplets from sneaking in and out along the sides of your nose. That goes for everyonenot just people who know or suspect theyre sickbecause, as a December 2021 study indicates, as many as 40% of people infected with the coronavirus might not show any symptoms. The Chic Luxe Silk-Satin Face Mask ($8, originally $12) has an antimicrobial lining to help stop the spread of bacteria on the skin. But used as is, theyre not particularly good particle blockers. The agency's new standards stress that fabric masks are the least protective against COVID-19, whereas well-fitting N95, KN95, and KF94 masks which use special nonwoven materials with an. Some N95 masks, including Wirecutters picks in our guide to respirators, include valves, for easier exhalation. Von_Dooms 2 yr. ago. The higher the pressure drop, the harder it is to breathe. Unlike . Fortunately, these days there are many high-quality mask options to choose from, including medical-style N95s and KN95s, which many experts currently recommend as the best protection. And, according to our test, the filter still works after one run in the laundry. However, in our experience, coating our lenses in spit worked just as well to reduce glasses fogging in some cases. Ideally, it should cover as much of your nose and mouth as possible, said Grace Jun, an assistant professor of fashion and disability at Parsons School of Design in New York City. The exterior is water-resistant and the interior absorbs moisture. We like that the filter is machine-washable, too. The filter-included Proper Cloth Everyday Mask, shown in grey melange cotton, scored about 75% filtration efficiency for 0.5-micron particles. We liked the breathability and lightness of the Buff Filter Mask, as well as its easily adjustable headbands (which operate similarly to fanny-pack straps). The easy-to-access sleeve (on the underside of the inner layer) means adding a filter is easy as well. Each cloth face mask sample is secured to the test equipment to create a perfect seal for controlled filtration-efficiency testing. (A bead incorporated into the loops ingeniously prevents the cord stoppers from slipping off.). Each mask underwent two runs; our graphs below show the average filtration efficiencies and pressure-drop scores between the two tests. In general, any laundry detergent will do, even soap. assessed the filtration efficiency and breathability, FDA issued an emergency use authorization, list of strategies to help buyers spot fakes, The Wall Street Journal reported in May 2020 (subscription required), paper from researchers at Northeastern University (PDF), Fact Sheet for Healthcare Personnel (PDF), access the new standard, known as designation F3502, wear a mask made with non-woven materials underneath a cloth mask, high-filtration-efficiency surgical-style mask, The Best Cloth, KN95, and Surgical-Style Masks for Kids and Toddlers, Where to Buy N95s, KN95s, and Surgical-Style Masks in 2022, doubling them up with a surgical-style mask, Graf Lantz Zenbu Organic Cotton Face Mask, Cottonique Elite Plus Hypoallergenic Face Mask, doubled over (as explained in this non-peer-reviewed preprint PDF), addition of a paper towel (as described in a non-peer proof-of-concept study), best cloth and disposable face masks for kids and toddlers, Copper Compression Copper Infused Face Mask, Banana Republic Flyweight Face Mask (3-Pack), Athleta Womens Activate Face Mask 2-Pack, Honeywell Dual-Layer Face Cover with Replaceable Inserts, Outdoor Research Adrenaline Sports Face Mask Kit, infectious disease physician and assistant professor of medicine, George Washington University, director of the Center for Atmospheric Chemistry and the Environment at Texas A&M University, director of the Anesthesia Informatics and Media Lab, Stanford University School of Medicine, associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at Northeastern University, professor of molecular engineering at the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, associate professor of fiber science and director of The Textiles Nanotechnology Laboratory at the College of Human Ecology of Cornell University, assistant professor of fashion and disability at The New School, Parsons School of Design, New York City, and CEO of Open Style Lab, adjunct professor at FIT and founder of Michael Kaye Couture, associate professor of dermatology at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, associate professor in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Georgia Tech, associate director of the Center for Energy Development and Health, Colorado State University, and assistant professor of research, mechanical engineering, associate professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Georgia Tech, head of the Biosecurity Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, and principal research fellow at Australias National Health and Medical Research Council, professor of civil and environmental engineering, Virginia Tech, associate professor of integrative physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, dermatologist at Anna Meyer Childrens University Hospital in Florence and at the Wound Research Unit at the University of Pisa, assistant professor of textile engineering, Textile Protection and Comfort Center, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, professor of individualized medicine and of microbiology at the Mayo Clinic, past president of the American Society for Microbiology, senior research scientist, Anesthesia Informatics and Media Lab, Stanford University School of Medicine, chief medical officer of the American Lung Association, former chief of research at the National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, associate director of infection prevention and control, division of infectious diseases, at Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical Center and assistant professor of pediatrics at University of Cincinnati, professor and vice chair of pediatrics and professor of environmental medicine and population health at NYU School of Medicine, author of Sicker Fatter Poorer, associate professor of medicine at Duke University School of Medicine, The Best Respirator Mask for Smoke and Dust. Weve been researching medical-style masks and respirators for months. These were recommended to me by my medical team at Mayo Clinic. We like that The Everyday Mask comes in an ear-loop version (for take-on-take-off ease), as well as in an ear-friendly headband format (for extended-wear situations). But we havent tested those versions for filtration efficiency and breathability. And a not-yet-peer-reviewed preprint issued in October 2020 by researchers at the CDCs National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health reported that shields blocked only 2% of aerosols emitted by a cough simulatorworse than a drugstore-variety three-ply cloth face mask (which blocked 51%) and a single-layer polyester neck gaiter (47%). The more thread in a given area, the more solid the barrier, the harder it is to get through, explained North Carolina State University textile scientist Bryan Ormond. A face shield can protect your eyes and block big droplets from direct-to-the-face coughs and sneezes. They have a flat profile, no-tug ear loops, and an adjustable nose bridge. Its the dressiest-looking of our filter-incorporated picks. Not the most affordable option for a single mask. Compared to cloth and surgical masks, the N95 respirator offers the most protection against COVID-19. Some synthetic fabrics, such as polyester or nylon, can impair the skin barrier and incite inflammation, said dermatologist Teresa Oranges of the University of Pisas wound research unit, who has written on the topic. Unless acloth face mask has a highly protective filter sewn into its layers (as our top picks, the Enro Tech Mask and Happy Masks Pro, do), its nowhere near as protective against virus-laden aerosols as properly fitted N95 respirators are. This way you have more air coming through the cloth, and that air is filtered, as opposed to air sneaking in from the sides, said Supratik Guha, a professor at the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, who co-authored the April 2020 study on mask materials. Although the COVID-19 virus is quite small, the virus typically leaves a persons body contained in liquid droplets, which are much, much larger than the virus itself. Adds a glow. A simply cut flat mask creates the opposite situation: It sits close to your nose and mouth, so you have less filtered air to breathe in at any given time. Wash your mask according to the label. Masks can also help filter incoming particlesincluding small ones, called aerosolsfrom other people, thereby protecting the wearer, too. Best for oily skin: SkinCeuticals Clarifying Clay Masque. The Protective Health Gear N95 respirators feature a premium filter and four layers of leak-proof protection. The spacious, breathable design stays put during long wears. Because the shield is highly reusable, theyre valuable for health-care workers who need to keep their N95 clean for longer, said Ron Shaffer, former chief of research for the National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory at the CDCs NIOSH. Those are listed in Appendix A: Authorized Surgical Masks, and information about their appropriate use is available in the FDAs Fact Sheet for Healthcare Personnel (PDF). Flaws but not dealbreakers: Compared with the Happy Masks Pro, the Enro Tech Mask has less clearance over the nose and mouth, which means slightly less circulation of filtered air above the face. As a September 2020 paper from researchers at Northeastern University (PDF) illustrates, a surgical mask sealed to the wearer, with a band cut from a pair of nylon stockings, went from blocking 50% to 75% of small (less than 0.3-micron) particles to blocking 86% to 90%. The virus is essentially genetic material wrapped up in a shell of lipids and proteins. The satiny-surfaced r Face Mask comes with a lightweight removable filter. All of them have incorporated filters or pockets for an additional filter layer and can also be worn over a surgical-type mask. If breathing room is your priority: The Graf Lantz Zenbu Organic Cotton Face Mask tents up over the nose and mouth, more so than most cloth masks. If it happens to fit you, though, this mask is a good value. Each mask sample is clamped to the machine to form a perfect seal. The WellBefore N95 Medical Respirator Mask features four layers of soft, breathable skin-friendly material. Typically, worn masks are non-refundable and difficult to donate. Best for . 2023 Healthline Media LLC. Later in the pandemic, as we learned more about how the virus is transmitted, Wirecutter commissioned independent tests at Colorado State Universitys Center for Energy Development and Health. Credit: GlamGlow. You can choose from six sizes and further adjust the fit with this masks pliable nose-bridge wire and smartly designed, adjustable ear loops. The company now sells a subtly tweaked designthe 2.1which slightly reduces the bulk at the outer edge of the mask. We lab-tested the filtration efficiency of an Enro mask after almost six months of admittedly rough real-life use: worn and machine-washed about 48 times with household laundry on the warm-water setting (so, potentially higher than the 100 degrees Fahrenheit recommended by Enro), and then thrown in a dryer on a 90-minute timed dry cycle (probably hotter than the Enros recommendation to tumble-dry on low). Dermatologists know skin better than anyone. Unfortunately, few mask makers provide thread-count information online, and youre left with taking their word for how sturdy or tightly woven the materials theyre using are. Surgical masks may protect against larger airborne particles whereas N95 respirators provide better protection against smaller particles, like the, Wearing a fabric face mask when you're out in public is one way you can help slow the spread of the new coronavirus. Otherwise, youre not taking advantage of the filters fullest potentialdroplets tend to sneak through portions of a mask with the least resistance. For some people, this mask, at 6.25 inches high and 9.1 inches wide, may be too large. (The study also found that people can achieve similar effects by wearing just a legitimate surgical mask but knotting its ear loops and tucking in its sides, as shown in this video.) 2. This mask is available with back-of-head bands or ear loops, and color options are subject to change. Still, fraud is so pervasive that NIOSH has published a list of strategies to help buyers spot fakes. If your ears get sore, the enclosed plastic fastener, which has hooks at both ends, attaches the two ear loops to each other behind your head to relieve pressure. Viruses thrive when in wet, warm materials, the Kirby Institutes Raina MacIntyre said. When there are large gaps for the droplets to come out, it doesnt matter how good the filter is or how many layers you have, said Linsey Marr, an aerosol scientist at Virginia Tech. Masks with see-through panels (such as these masks) may help with lip reading. To select the best face masks for COVID-19 protection, we considered the following criteria: Most face masks cost less than $5 and are available in packs. Cloth masks fit more loosely and often have gaps near the nose, cheeks, and jaw, which reduces their effectiveness. But it can have a harmful effect on your face, leading to skin irritations or acne. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Its designed with a nose-bridge wire and expansive adjustable ear loops. Lost in the conversation, however, was the fact that gaiters come in different materials and can be worn in different waysresulting in different degrees of protection against the release of droplets, depending on how the results are measured. Background: As face masks became mandatory in most countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, adverse effects require substantiated investigation. Although its true that some masks filter much better than others, a mask wont help if it is constantly slipping down your nose, has large gaps around it, or feels so suffocating that youre forced to take it off. Legitimate N95 masks are approved by the CDCs National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health; there are unique identifying numbers stamped on them that can be confirmed on the agencys website. "Whenever my skin feels congested or I feel . A too-snug fit, one that leaves marks on your skin, may tempt you to take the mask off. However, wearing a cloth mask is still more effective than wearing no mask. (So might soap or spit.). Since the start of the pandemic, Colorado State Universitys John Volckens, Christian LOrange, and their team have regularly evaluated N95 and surgical masks before health-care workers in the state use them, so the group already had the relevant test protocols in place. I do not have exact data, he said, but my feeling is that the wearer will be tired of using a particular mask faster than the mask becoming unusable.. $9 at Sephora. Tie on that bandana, and outgoing aerosols get only as far as 3 feet 7 inches on average, the authors found. Made with natural and organic ingredients. Headbands with ridges can grip hair better without sliding, especially if your hair is straight, Kaye said. Whichever of the two face masks you go for, get the assurance that you get the best protection from Covid 19, Delta, and BA.2 variants from Bielcor. If youre looking for bright colors or whimsical designs: The roomy Baggu Fabric Mask (ear loops) covered and sealed comfortably for just about everyone on our panel, and each three-pack comes with an array of fun designs, including daisies and bright color combos. Wwdoll KN95 Face Mask (50-Pack) At under $25, it's tough to beat this Wired -tested pack of 50 KN95 masks from Wwdoll, which meets the current GB2626-2019 standard, has five layers of protection . Front Public Health 2023 Apr 5;11:1125150. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1125150. Each pack comes with a biodegradable storage pouch. The Proper Cloth mask in Small fit particularly well on panelists whove found that most masks theyve tried have felt too big for them. We also wished that the filter pocket stretched horizontally across the mask for added filtration efficiency. The most effective way to reduce fogging when youre wearing a mask is to create a better seal between the top of the mask and your skin, leaving less room for air to escape your mask and reach your glasses. Ear loops made with elastic cords hang more easily on less-rigid ears but may make your ears feel sore after a few hours, especially if theyre too tight. We havent tested the Happy Mask Ultra for pressure drop values. Weve indicated cost using the following key: The evolvetogether KN95 six-layer masks feature double filtration, breathability, and a streamlined profile. But we found the materials too light for our comfort, given that the mask has no pocket to accommodate a non-woven filter. Disposable Vs. Reusable Masks. Finally, the clunky adjustable buckles and the thick, not very elasticky elastics that form the ear loops make it challenging to form a tight seal. N95, N99, N100, P95, P100 masks are the only types that have National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) approval. Theyre usually tested mainly for issues like fluid resistance (to keep a hospital worker safe from splatter unleashed during a medical procedure, for instance). If you consistently find headband and ear-loop fasteners to be too tight, or if they get in the way of hearing aids or glasses, consider ties (as on the Rendall Co. mask we like); the drawback is that ties tend to loosen more easily over the course of a day. It fit and filtered better than most masks in its price range, but it is no longer available. Hana Akselrod, MD, MPH, infectious disease physician and assistant professor of medicine, George Washington University, phone interview, July 1, 2020, Sarah Brooks, PhD, director of the Center for Atmospheric Chemistry and the Environment at Texas A&M University, phone interview, June 19, 2020, Lawrence Chu, MD, director of the Anesthesia Informatics and Media Lab, Stanford University School of Medicine, Zoom interview, June 26, 2020, Loretta Fernandez, PhD, associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at Northeastern University, phone interview, June 19, 2020, Supratik Guha, PhD, professor of molecular engineering at the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, phone interview, June 26, 2020, Juan Hinestroza, PhD, associate professor of fiber science and director of The Textiles Nanotechnology Laboratory at the College of Human Ecology of Cornell University, Zoom interview, July 10, 2020, Grace Jun, assistant professor of fashion and disability at The New School, Parsons School of Design, New York City, and CEO of Open Style Lab, phone interview, June 23, 2020, Michael Kaye, adjunct professor at FIT and founder of Michael Kaye Couture, phone interview, June 17, 2020, Carrie Kovarik, MD, associate professor of dermatology at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, phone interview, June 29, 2020, Ryan Lively, PhD, associate professor in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Georgia Tech, phone interview, July 3, 2020, Christian LOrange, PhD, associate director of the Center for Energy Development and Health, Colorado State University, and assistant professor of research, mechanical engineering, phone interview, January 5, 2021, Mark Losego, PhD, associate professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Georgia Tech, phone interview, July 3, 2020, Raina MacIntyre, PhD, head of the Biosecurity Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, and principal research fellow at Australias National Health and Medical Research Council, Zoom interview, June 28, 2020, Linsey Marr, PhD, professor of civil and environmental engineering, Virginia Tech, phone interview, June 26, 2020, Robert Mazzeo, PhD, associate professor of integrative physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, phone interview, June 29, 2020, Teresa Oranges, MD, PhD, dermatologist at Anna Meyer Childrens University Hospital in Florence and at the Wound Research Unit at the University of Pisa, Zoom interview, July 13, 2020, Bryan Ormond, PhD, assistant professor of textile engineering, Textile Protection and Comfort Center, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, phone interview, June 12, 2020, Robin Patel, MD, professor of individualized medicine and of microbiology at the Mayo Clinic, past president of the American Society for Microbiology, phone interview, July 6, 2020, Amy Price, DPhil, senior research scientist, Anesthesia Informatics and Media Lab, Stanford University School of Medicine, Zoom interview, June 26, 2020, Albert Rizzo, MD, chief medical officer of the American Lung Association, phone interview, June 17, 2020, Nura Sadeghpour, health communications specialist, CDC/NIOSH, email interview, December 23, 2020, Ron Shaffer, PhD, former chief of research at the National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, phone interview, June 29, 2020, Felicia Scaggs Huang, MD, associate director of infection prevention and control, division of infectious diseases, at Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical Center and assistant professor of pediatrics at University of Cincinnati, email interview, June 22, 2020, Shirley Simson, press officer, FDA, email interview, January 15, 2021, Leonardo Trasande, MD, MPP, professor and vice chair of pediatrics and professor of environmental medicine and population health at NYU School of Medicine, author of Sicker Fatter Poorer, phone interview, June 30, 2020, Eric Westman, MD, associate professor of medicine at Duke University School of Medicine, phone interview, August 12, 2020.
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