The rest of the royalist forcescenter and leftcharged against the republican line and enveloped it, and thus obtained the victory, the casualties were numerous in both sides. The Republican forces marched that day to Aparicin de la Corteza, where Bolvar fixed his provisional headquarters. Garca de Cerna triumphs over Reyes Vargas in Cerritos Blancos while in Puerto Cabello, Urdaneta and Girardot took the fortresses of Viga alta, Viga baja, and the outer town. It is in this dark and unlit dungeon of the fortress that Luisa's torture begins due to the mistreatment and humiliations committed by the Spanish troops, to which she never yielded. On July 5, 1811, the independence declaration is signed. The triumphs of the republican forces commanded by Arismendi in Margarita and by General Jos Antonio Pez in Apure determined that Brigadier Mox ordered the transfer of Luisa Cceres de Arismendi to Cadiz, for this reason she was taken again to the prison of La Guaira on November 24, 1816, and embarked on December 3. Among its members were Jos Flix Ribas, Francisco Jos Ribas, Antonio Muoz Tbar, Vicente Salias, and Miguel Jos Sanz. With this declaration, Venezuela became the first independent republic of Spanish America, and the fire of that declaration, fueled by external conflict, would spread the ideals of independence throughout all of the lands of Latin America. In 1815 the Spanish general Pablo Morillo landed with an expeditionary force that spearheaded the reconquest of much of New Granada. When Boves realized that his column had been enveloped, he left his center precipitously and perished in the clash. Francisco de Miranda was a Venezuelan soldier who had gone to Europe and had become a General during the French Revolution. The Venezuelan patriots had disembarked on the coast of Aragua and from there they divided into several columns penetrating through the jungle and reaching Maracay, but the offensive launched by Francisco Toms Morales in response to the disembarkation pushed them back to the beaches. The Supreme Junta of Caracas sought the adhesion of the other provinces of the Captaincy General of Venezuela to the movement. A new constitution was enacted in 1864 to incorporate the federalist principles of the victors. Cuman is liberated on August 3, 1813, by Mario; Bolvar enters Caracas on August 6. Bolvar ordered the confiscation of all the possessions of those who had emigrated, including their crops. This page was last edited on 8 February 2023, at 04:55. Venezuela - Countries - Office of the Historian who was the dictator of Venezuela after declaring independence in 1811. Then in the Battle of Calabozo, Bolvar is victorious over Pablo Morillo, Paez takes charge as commander of the vanguard to pursue the Spaniards and defeats them in the Uriosa on February 15, 1818. After the elections, 44 deputies were elected to Congress. The campaign was a great success for the republicans under the command of Manuel Piar with which they managed after several battles to expel all the royalists from the region with which they were left in power of a region rich in natural resources and communication facilities that served as a base to launch campaigns to other regions of the country.[16]. She is presented before the captain general of Andalusia, who protests against the arbitrary decision of the Spanish authorities in America and gives her the category of confined, after she pays a bond and commits herself to appear monthly before the judge. Bolivar took advantage of the momentary disorder that occurred among the attackers and launched a counterattack, with which he recaptured the "high house". The independence of Venezuela was the juridical-political process with the purpose of breaking the ties that existed between the Captaincy General of Venezuela and the Spanish Empire. However, the dissolution of this republic had been germinating since the early days of its creation. Integrity in government waned, heavy deficit financing ruined the nations credit, and the economy began to stagnate and decay. With this declaration, Venezuela became the first independent republic of Spanish America, and the fire of that declaration, fueled by external conflict, would spread the ideals of independence throughout all of the lands of Latin America. Explanation: His admirers point to his political and military genius and to his administrative, economic, educational, and religious reforms. Herring, Hubert. Venezuelans suffered greater casualties and endured more privations during the wars than did any other Latin American national group, because of the ferocity of battles on their own soil and the large number of Venezuelan troops who carried the struggle to other regions. As in most parts of the American continent . The conflicts were extremely bloody, and control of the central government changed hands several times. The Conjuracin de los Mantuanos was a movement that broke out in Caracas in 1808. By the time Simn Bolvar led his Admirable Campaign, the country no longer had a dependence on its Spanish colonizers, and independence was inevitable. In spite of the setbacks suffered by the expeditionaries and by the Libertador himself in Ocumare, the historical importance of the Expedition of Los Callos lies in the fact that it allowed Santiago Mario, Manuel Piar and later Jos Francisco Bermdez to undertake the liberation of the eastern part of the country, and MacGregor with Carlos Soublette and other leaders to definitively enter Tierra Firme, to open the way to the definitive triumph of the Republic. In contrast to the troubled times that preceded and followed it, the 183048 period of Conservative Party domination was an era of political stability, economic progress, and responsible administration. Guzmn Blancos regime had both positive and negative results for the nation. He was president of Gran Colombia (1819-30) and dictator of Peru (1823-26). . In early 1819, Bolvar was cornered in western Venezuela with his army. He had outsmarted the Spanish during the Admirable Campaign, but he had not defeated them, and there were still large Spanish and royalist armies in Venezuela. In 1827, the Gran Colombian union (to which Quito, today Ecuador, had adhered in 1823) entered into crisis and the efforts of Bolivar and some others to stop the disintegration were of no avail. Lynch, John. [7] Juan Escalona, who presided over the first independence triumvirate, issued a proclamation to the inhabitants of Caracas letting them know that the Congress had voted for absolute independence. Colonel Atanasio Girardot joined Simn Bolvar in the so-called Admirable Campaign of the Libertador and fought gallantly at the head of several battalions that managed to occupy the cities of Trujillo and Mrida. The last of the royalist forces surrendered at Puerto Cabello on October 9, 1823. The following year he returned to Europe, leaving General Joaqun Crespo in charge. Emparn was stripped of authority and sent back to Spain. Spain declared war on the United States on April 24, followed by a U.S. declaration of war . "Our division and not the Spanish arms turned us to slavery," he had written in his famous Cartagena Manifesto, taking stock of those years. That day is celebrated in Venezuela as its national day. Guzmn Blanco came back again in 1886 to serve a final two years in the face of growing popular opposition to his policies. The decisions initially taken were the following: On December 17, 1819, the union of Venezuela and New Granada was declared and the Repblica de Colombia was born. He subdued ambitious provincial caudillos and ruled in cooperation with the large landholders and leading merchants of the Conservative Party. After returning to Haiti and organizing a new expedition, Bolvar set sail from the port of Jacmel and arrived at Juan Griego on December 28, 1816, and at Barcelona on the 31st where he established his headquarters and planned a campaign on Caracas with the concentration of the forces operating in Apure, Guayana and Oriente but after a series of inconveniences he abandoned the plan and moved to Guayana to take command of the operations against the royalists in the region. Morillo informs Bolivar about the unilateral ceasefire of the Spanish army and the invitation to confer an agreement to regularize the war. When the armistice expired on April 28, 1821, both sides began a mobilization of their forces, the Spaniards had a deployment that favored a combat "in detail", defeating the patriot divisions one at a time. He departed for Europe in 1877, leaving a puppet successor in charge, but when the opposition rebelled, he returned to crush it and resumed the presidency in 1878. New Granada had been relatively untouched by the war, so Bolvar was able to quickly recruit a new army from willing volunteers. For his part, Commander ngel Laborde went to the castle, then won the bar, touched at Puerto Cabello and with the apostadrome's archives headed for Cuba. On December 21, 1811, the Congress approved the Federal Constitution of the States of Venezuela of 1811. Bolvar, a wealthy Creole landowner born in Caracas in 1783, had many reverses in his war against the Spanish. [4], Guayana spoke out on May 11 in favor of the Supreme Junta, but upon learning on June 3 of the installation in Spain of the Supreme Central and Governing Junta of Spain and the Indies, it recognized the latter as the legitimate authority and distanced itself from the Caracas revolution. Crowned our summits of glory when Ribas brandished the sword, and to his homeric zeal La Victoria with blood of the oppressors its fields sprayed")[12]. Currently known as Gran Colombia. On 5 December, the Republicans pawned the action and were immediately flanked and cut off by a cavalry column; the small attacking force was virtually destroyed. These principles were enshrined as a constitutional principle for the new nation and were radically opposed to the political, cultural, and social practices that had existed during three hundred years of colonization. Cause and effect of Venezuela winning formal independence in 1821 - Brainly The losses of the Republicans were 8 officers and 36 crew and troops killed, 14 of the former and 150 of the latter wounded and one officer wounded, while those of the royalists were greater, without counting the 69 officers and 368 soldiers and sailors who were taken prisoner. 2008 September - Venezuela and Russia sign oil and gas cooperation accord. Before long, Bolvar had driven the Spanish out of the region and amassed a large army, Impressed, the civilian leaders in Cartagena gave him permission to liberate western Venezuela. Once the Admirable Campaign was finished with the entrance to Caracas, Bolivar re-opened operations against the Spanish reaction that soon made itself felt in great part of the country. The purpose of the Armistice Treaty was to suspend hostilities in order to facilitate talks between the two sides, with a view to conclude a definitive peace. Patriot warlords back in Venezuela, such as Mario and Pez, finally smelled victory and began to close in on Caracas. Faced with the patriot retreat, the royalist Monteverde mobilized his troops to the site of Las Trincheras, sending a column of men to take position on the heights of the Brbula hacienda. The decade 184858 was one of dictatorial rule by Jos Tadeo Monagas and his brother, General Jos Gregorio Monagas, who alternated as president during the period. The plenipotentiaries of both sides meet and on November 25, Bolivar and Morillo do the same. In the opinion of some historians, Boves took advantage of the social resentment existing in this group. It also inadvertently caused the death of Simn Bolvar's brother Juan Vicente, who died in a shipwreck while returning from a diplomatic mission to the United States in 1811. Some cities and regions opted for a limited independence: they would take care of their own affairs until such time as Ferdinand was restored. In the first six months of 1813, the resistance of the royalists collapses. The Capital of Gran Colombia would be Bogot. Jos Antonio Pez meets with Simn Bolvar, who came from Angostura to the south of the Orinoco to join the army of Apure in the campaign against Gurico. What was the effect of Venezuela declaring independence from Spain? The electoral regulations were census-based as they gave the vote to free men, over 25 years of age (or over 21 if married) and owners of 2000 pesos in real or personal property. During all this time she was kept incommunicado and without news of her relatives. In the northern part of South America, Simn Bolvar initiated his fight for independence by liberating the countries that formed part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada. Even those Creoles who supported Spain in the New World were appalled. On June 24, 1821, Bolvars troops, reinforced by llanero cavalry under General Jos Antonio Pez, defeated the main royalist army at the Battle of Carabobo. Venezuelan Revolution Flashcards | Quizlet Harvey, Robert. The elite of Caracas agreed on a provisional independence from Spain: they were rebelling against Joseph Bonaparte, not the Spanish crown, and would mind their own affairs until Ferdinand VII was restored. Immediately, the president of the Congress, Congressman Juan Antonio Rodriguez, announced that "The absolute Independence of Venezuela [was] solemnly declared. Then, Francisco de Miranda, at the age of 61, was named Commander in Chief of the Army and left with his troops for Valencia on the 19th. Modern Flag of Venezuela Recognition Guzmns new liberal newspaper, El Venezolano, demanded abolition of slavery, extension of voting rights, and protection for the debtor classes. On July 3, 1811, delegates from the first National Constituent Congress convened at the Santa Rosa de Lima Chapel in Caracas regarding the matter of independence. What was the effect of Venezuela's independence from Spain? The second republic corresponds to the period between August 1813 and December 1814 and is known as the "War to the Death" period.[3][9]. Spanish-American War: Causes, Battles & Timeline - History Armed only with spears they attacked the battalion Numanciaone of the best Spanish battalionsand managed to disorganize their cadres, forcing them to retreat.[13]. A sentry watches even her slightest movements, and she is forced to eat the ranch that they give her as her only food. Many Spanish colonies, still loyal to the deposed King Ferdinand, did not know how to react to the new ruler. He made a daring move: hecrossed the frosty Andeswith his army, losing half of it in the process, and arrived in New Granada (Colombia) in July of 1819. Early in 1813 the revolutionary junta appointed Simn Bolvar commander of the Venezuelan forces. On January 8, 1813, he occupied the city of Ocaathe second in importance in Norte de Santander, after Ccutaafter having left the free passage in the Magdalena Medio, thus obtaining the navigation between Bogot and Cartagena. After the destruction of the colonial system, Venezuela passed through an era of government-by-force that lasted more than a century, until the death of Juan Vicente Gmez in 1935. Introduction. General Pez recognized Bolvar's authority and on February 12, 1818, with the Toma de las Flecheras where the llanero lancers crossed the Apure River and jumped into the river on their horses swimming before the confused sight of the royalists and took the Spanish boats. A new constitution in 1872 proclaimed representative government, suffrage for all males, and direct election of the president. The "Republic of Colombia" is created, which would be governed by a President. "[7], Francisco de Miranda and other members of the Patriotic Society led a mass of people through the streets and squares of Caracas, acclaiming independence and freedom.