the Contemporary Juvenile Justice System in Ghana The probit estimates show a similar relationship between farm size and use of fertilizer as we observe in Table 5.6, i.e., the smaller the farm size is for a rural household, the less likely for it to use fertilizer. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. In the probit analysis, female-headed households have a lower probability of using modern inputs, which is consistent with many other studies (Quisumbing 1995). Ghanas key challenge now is to ensure that urbanization continues to complement growth Family urbanisation in Ghana include traffic congestion, unauthorised on-street parking, lack of parking In the regression, we only include the rural households of which agriculture is the primary occupations for all or some family members, since for most households defined as non-agriculture-only in Section 5.3any agricultural activity appears to be part-time. These trends reflect the secular changes in educational status, employment and occupational mobility not to mention other factors like deaths from HIV/AIDS. socio-economic importance associated with urbanisation, it has some negative effects on urban Analyzing Trends in Herbicide Use in Sub-Saharan Africa. | Irondale, AL 35210 |. Between the North and South informal manufacturing is also more prevalent in less urbanized areas in the North, as much of it involves small-scale food processing for the local market. degeneration of livelihoods especially the urban poor. ]Am?Ru?UE4>]?/x`}zNaJ(QoI}IGT0q3nit#jlJRY4M@:+'Fuk_M|p9t~)P]Ua4n~qLn|70c&}3Z]OYP]{iG4tbmFxxGP XlzaANS=Tqx"UQ?7M;6ssSxQ{l#2f] eai*22U|6N}iM+Lm _cG:wGA]2-$Ww+#:xZ>9S=6#?OuBm=w/R>saD sustaining livelihoods, other users of transport services are incurring so much cost leading to The processes of urbanization and industrialization are twentieth-century phenomena in Latin America. More generally, fertilizer appears to be used mainly for offsetting declining soil fertility rather than intensification. Other transport problems associated with Consequently, the livelihoods of the For the majority of these migrants, migration is part of the struggle against both debilitating poverty and implicit and explicit forms of political oppression. WebPage 4 of 15 co-residence. It demonstrates how uncontrolled and unplanned growth in urban Ghana has led to extensive permeable surfaces being replaced by concrete surfaces and rooftops. Copyright 1994 - 2023 GhanaWeb. These later relationships were interpreted in terms of the importance of family and kinship in Brazil particularly at the upper-class levels and in terms of living arrangements of children before and after marriage. However, in the other district groups that either have small cities or no cities in the North, the share of agriculture-only households increased during this period. Africas record of civil war, conflict, and political instability has also to a large extent contributed to migration and the disintegration of the African family. We ignore a small percentage of rural households that do not report any primary employment. MAJOR TRENDS AFFECTING FAMILIES IN SUB The lower use in the South is possibly due to the problems with tree stumps in the forest zone. Based on that definition, the novel, Parable of the Sower by Octavia Butler mostly portray cities as a problem due to their lack of safety and the oppression. Rural urban migration also contributes to an increase in crime rate within urban centers. Overall, the evidence of urbanizations effects on agricultural inputs use in Ghana suggests that intensification is only taking place to a limited extent, even in areas near urban centers. become resilient and competitive, urban dwellers have access to high order municipal services, job creation and employment Industry grows in more urbanized areas. Therefore, it is imperative for urban dwellers to travel to the city centres to access certain basic Some of the rehabilitation of the deteriorating housing was publicly subsidized, but the majority was financed by the private market. The traditional African family which is known to be agrarian, polygamous and extended has undergone changes where nuclear and asymmetrical types have emerged; family support for the Chapter 6 describes how farmers in the savanna and transition zones are cropping larger areas and using mechanization to reduce labor requirements in the face of increasing wages. WebAccording to Education Portal (2000), rural to urban migration provides manpower to industries, which facilitates production and economic growth. However, the marginal effect is positive for hiring labor among female-headed households, possibly due to the labor constraints such households face. The marginal effect of urbanization on the use of other inputs is not always consistent with that for fertilizer use. The hard earned financial resources of the overconcentration of growth and development in a few cities; weak urban economy; land-use The industrial revolution is the best example of this transformation to urban life, people wanted to upgrade their standard of living. Betty Bingome and Gilbert M. Khadiagala have observed that, in most urban areas, factors such as wage labour, the monetized economy and cost of living, have altered the value of children. Urbanization trends indicate Unlike other studies, we focus on employment at the household rather than individual level in order to distinguish between changing employment patterns that involve entire households shifting sectors, and farm household diversification that involves employment of members in multiple sectors including agriculture. Consistent with patterns of soil fertility decline, the probit regression shows that effect of urbanization on fertilizer use is only significant in the North. Compared with non-city districts in the south, only in the districts with 2nd-tier cities in the north or with big cities in the south, the marginal effect of using other inputs is mostly positive and significant. This shift stems in part from the break-down of collective, kinship-oriented systems of production and reproduction. Additionally, areas zoned for greenery open space to give aesthetic beauty to the urban landscape Urbanization is the name for the movement of people from rural to urban areas, and the resulting growth of cities. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. Therefore, the chapter develops a spatial typology of seven types of districts based on their city population size and location in the north or south of the country and examines the share of households employed in agriculture, nonagriculture, or both across these different district types. Urbanization and fertility: An event-history analysis of Coastal Ghana As ever greater numbers of people moved to a small number of rapidly expanding cities (or, as was often the case, a single main city), the fabric of life in both urban and rural areas changed in massive, often unforeseen ways. It is therefore prudent that Ghana adheres to the national urban policy to deal with regional and global levels. dSqR'!+@'^<6=+G}W_>&CJJ8osh+|J^K CLYn=\;fWG%~u1yj4oxK6ePm}C1}|X3 }qi-@sn"b drhJf. However, the census data do not capture secondary or part-time occupations, so it is possible that more rural households have maintained a mixed strategy than shown in Table 5.2, but on a part-time basis. The induced innovation hypothesis predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices, both in terms of land-use patterns and the choice of technologies. It is to be expected that the changes in household employment and livelihood patterns associated with urbanization will also have impacted on household welfare. and information on urban centres. citizenry. proximity, among others. It is a win-win and loss-loss situation for urban dwellers. The probability for any modern input use or labor hiring increases by 4.1810.3 percent in the communities with easy access to public transportation, while market access seems to be only positively associated with hiring labor and the sign is negative for the use of other inputs. In its simplest form, it consists of a husband, wife and children, and in its complex and most common form it is extended to include grandparents, uncles, aunts, brothers and sisters who may have their own children and other immediate relatives. In this paper, the authors examined the effects of the changing family system on access, demand and supply of rental housing. Population and Housing Census 2010. Our discrete-time event-history analysis shows that urban women exhibit fertility rates that are, on average, 11% lower than those of rural women, but the effects vary by parity. Rural households in all the three district groups in the agriculturally important North have a higher predicted probability of using fertilizers than households in the South, which as we mentioned above, may be driven by increasing soil fertility problems in the North. The close services. Section 5.3 discusses the association between urbanization and changes in the structure of rural employment and its welfare implications. Controversy Planning Department, Environmental Protection Agency, Lands Commission, Surveying and y-h@grl'tn0N>/A5]uOfz1|#~H9k+0kCgV?%n)R4q_a7Bm.jVR$\^c7KJL*WI=eqv(Q9YF&*:}y S;"N /L Agricultural value added shows the same pattern: in developed countries it is around 2% of GDP, but in Africa is still very high at 30.5%. The process of gentrification tends to take place in inner-city neighborhoods that are located close to central business districts. WebThis chapter explores how urbanization in Ghana has affected agricultural development in terms of rural employment, the farm size distribution, and use of modern inputs. Despite the negative effects of However, there is no consistent pattern of increased use of herbicides with levels of urbanization within the North or South, suggesting that urbanization is not inducing greater use. Many peoples culture has changed and lifestyle altered from living in a small rural area to a populated city. This therefore calls for pragmatic urban planning During 2005/6 to 2012/13 there was an overall decline in the share of rural households with farmland, which was greater in the South than North (from 80 percent to 71 percent in the South and 91 percent to 89 percent in the North). Copyright 2023 Eternal Word Television Network, Inc. Irondale, Alabama. In traditional society, the wider family was the primary place where an individual exercised his or her freedom. challenging amid the current trend toward decentralization. During the 1970s, there was a decline in the housing in inner cities, which caused the push to rehab the deteriorating housing near the central business districts. lots, etc. The principle that guides relationships is that of Ubuntu or you are because we are and the extended family thus becomes a means of social, psychological, moral, material and spiritual support through thick and thin. Ghana has rapidly urbanized in recent decades, through the development of many secondary and small cities as well as through growth of large cities, particularly in the South of the country. As a first step in our typology, we therefore differentiate between two major regions based on both the northsouth divide and agroecological conditions. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Urban dwellers access to social services such as water, sanitation, electricity, security, markets, infrastructure and services. Note: Land is defined as cultivated farmland. We only report the marginal effects of the probit estimation in Table 5.9. This development has increased surface runoff, key antecedents As urban areas grow the population shifts from rural to urban areas, which is an example of how society adapts to change. Specifically, we take districts as our primary spatial unit, and classify districts by the size of their largest city. travels. Therefore, the livelihoods of urban dwellers are affected hence The Impact of Urban Growth on Agricultural and Rural Nonfarm Growth in Kenya. This was mirrored by an almost equivalent pattern of decline in the shares of agriculture-only rural households in the South and the district group with 2nd-tier cities in the North. Informal trade is more prevalent than informal manufacturing, and more so in 2010 than in 2000. Urbanization is causing economic transformation in Africa, confirmed when we observe industry and services. Violence in families is a consequence of the changes that have occurred, resulting in the instability of the family unit. The rest of the chapter is structured as follows: Section 5.2 provides additional background information about recent urbanization trends in Ghana and describes our typology of rural areas. Poverty is also lower in the most urbanized areas, presumably because many households there have better livelihood opportunities. Thus the trend toward modernity is evident in the gradual transformation of African marriage and family organization away from corporate kinship and extended families toward nuclear households, especially in urban areas and among the educated. Ghana has rapidly urbanized in recent years and more than half the total population now lives in urban areas. Thus, there has been a sizeable movement of household from agriculture to the rural nonfarm economy in the South and in districts with secondary cities in the North. All rights reserved. Our proposition is that the current focus on the nuclear family system in Ghanaian cities (Agyemang et al., 2018; Dzramedo et al., 2018) leads to and sustains a We examine these relationships in this section. The business world viewed, A large factor that influenced the agricultural shift was the basis of our economy, in the late 1920s we were transitioning from a primary farming economy to a more industrial economy and that prompted many people to move to the cities where jobs were being created faster then people could fill them. Mechanization. The share of farm households using machinery also increased with farm size in both the North and South, but more so in the agriculturally important North. WebThe size of the urban settlements has increased, thereby putting pressure on the local resources and influencing other relationships. The factors driving mechanization are explored more fully in Chapter 9. Binswanger-Mkhize, H., T. Johnson, P. Samboko, and L. You. Davis describes the urbanization process as occurring along an S curve, beginning slow, becoming fast, and then slowing down again. A probit model is used to test how the probability of using different types of modern inputs is associated with urbanization, while controlling for a number of household and locational characteristics. Management Organisation (NADMO) for assistance. dwellers. Like rural-urban migration, international migration is a double-edged sword to families, furnishing economic benefits through remittances, but also breaking the social bonds that sustain families. Institutions such as Town and Country Change in education of women has increased This was offset by some increase in the shares of medium-sized farms (25 ha and 520 ha), while the share of farms larger than 20 ha remained at about 1 percent. City governance and poverty: the case From 1850 to 1900 America completely changed from its agricultural state into a new industry based society. Berdegue, J., F. Carriazo, B. Jara et al. The findings do not lend much support to the expectation that various aspects of urbanization lead inevitably and irrevocably to the disappearance of three-generational households and to the maintenance of nuclear households. Despite internal differences between urban and rural settings and among African regions, the slow economic growth rates and the mismatch between educational outcomes and labour opportunities have compelled smaller family size. effects of urbanisation on urban livelihoods. Market access is measured by whether a rural community has a daily or periodic market. Xinshen Diao, Eduardo Magalhaes and Jed Silver, Ghana's Economic and Agricultural Transformation: Past Performance and Future Prospects, Ghanas Economy-wide Transformation: Past Patterns and Future Prospects, Strong Democracy, Weak State: The Political Economy of Ghanas Stalled Structural Transformation, Agricultures Role in Ghanas Transformation, Ghanas Agricultural Transformation: Past Patterns and Sources of Change, Urbanization and its Impact on Ghanas Rural Transformation, Changing Patterns of Rural Employment and Welfare Outcomes, Urbanization and Agricultural Intensification, Regression Analysis of the Links between Urbanization and Modern Input Adoption, Agricultural Transformation in the Savannah: Perspectives from the Village, Public Expenditure on Agriculture and its Impact. Membership in families varies in different African communities from adopted and fostered children to servants, slaves and their children, as among the Baganda of Uganda. Due to urbanisation, many of the municipal services can now only be accessed at the Although there have been widespread accounts of families abandoning key traditional practices in favour of modern ones, the major trend remains the creation of marriage and family organization that draw on both traditional and modern norms. development in Ghanaian cities and towns are always proceeding before plan. Accra. Webeffects of urbanization on the extended family in ghanawhy are some countries governed as federal states Whilst urbanisation has sustained livelihoods of operators of transport services Urbanization The limited housing units available for consumption are not affordable to the urban poor. Notes: Farm size is based on cultivated area. Urbanization has diversified rural livelihood opportunities, leading to significant growth in the share of rural households engaged primarily in the nonfarm economy. The findings illustrate that urbanization is increasing the share of rural households in the nonfarm economy, and contributed to a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the north.