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There was a 27% increase in the cellular uptake of cells treated with magnetic mesoporous silica nanomaterials with epirubicin in the presence of external magnetic field when compared to free epirubicin [226]. Since tumor blood flow is low compared to observed in other organs and bodily tissues, the increased affinity based on the ligands cannot compensate for the clearance processes [32]. 46, 847859 (2018), S.P. 48(61), 76407642 (2012), R. Vivek et al., pH-responsive drug delivery of chitosan nanoparticles as Tamoxifen carriers for effective anti-tumor activity in breast cancer cells. Thus, to mitigate the problems associated with nanomaterial-based therapeutic agents for cancer treatment, design and development strategies need to be employed before they are used in medicine for better treatment and human life. Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Neyman N, Altekruse SF, Cronin KA, Howlander N, Aminou R. Waldron. Soc. Soc. J. Nano Lett. 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In passive targeting, the nanocarriers pass through the leaky walls and accumulate at the tumor site by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. 18(3), 15341541 (2018), X. Zhao et al., PEGylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes as versatile vector for tumor-specific intracellular triggered release with enhanced anti-cancer efficiency: optimization of length and PEGylation degree. Chauhan, R.K. Jain, Strategies for advancing cancer nanomedicine. [222] have developed macroporous silica nanoparticles with a peptide loading efficiency of 40%, which upon administration induced apoptosis. J. Nanotechnol. Nanomedicine 10(8), 12331246 (2015), Y. Zhang et al., Polymer-coated hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles for triple-responsive drug delivery. Pharmacother. Intervention of nanotechnology has revolutionized the therapy of lung cancer upto a great extent by overcoming the current constraints in conventional therapies. J. Nanomed. 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A schematic representation of the major challenges in the delivery of cancer nanotherapeutics is depicted in Fig. Further, antibodies, small proteins, peptides, nucleic acid-based ligands, aptamers, small molecules, and oligosaccharides are used as targeting ligands [134,135,136,137,138,139]. A recent investigation reported that single walled carbon nanotubes were toxic, and induced death of the organs at higher dosages, whereas multi-walled carbon nanotubes in lower dosages could effectively deliver drug for targeted therapy of abnormal cells in breast cancer [205]. 133(44), 1756017563 (2011), Y.Y. The nanocarriers need to be smaller than the cut-off of the proportions in the neovasculature, with the extravasation to the tumor acutely affected by the size of the vehicle. Natl. 2018;25(34):4224-4268. doi: 10.2174/0929867324666170830113755. Proc. 111, 964970 (2014), M. Ghorbani, H. 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Rapid Commun. Nanotherapeutics are Int. PMC Sci. A novel drug delivery system based on carbon nanospheres for delivery of cancer therapeutics has been evaluated for internalization, and possible mechanism of endocytosis and biodistribution in mice [206]. Epub 2014 Aug 9. Thus, nanodiagnostics, defined as the use of nanotechnology . Rotello, Functionalized gold nanoparticles for drug delivery.
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