https://doi.org/10.1186/s13213-021-01662-4. WebSerratia marcescens Over the last 30 years, Serratia marcescens has become an important cause of nosocomial infection. methyl red test evaluates if a bacterium went through mixed acids fermentation after being given 4. Production and characterization of extracellular polygalacturonase by Erwinia carotovora MTCC 1428. Pectinases break down pectin, causing a decrease in viscosity and the formation of clusters, making centrifugation or filtration easier. References. About 2ml of the three hours bacterial cultures (log phase bacteria) were inoculated to a pre-sterilized fermentation medium to maintain pH 8 [43] and incubated at 30C using a rotary shaker at 125rpm for 48h. At the closed fermentation time, the production medium was centrifuged at 10,000rpm for 10min. IMViC Reactions I = Indole production from tryptophan M = methyl red test in which acidification of glucose broth (pH<4.4) + + Enterobacter spp. WebGram Stain + = purple to blue stain - = red to pink stain Acid-Fast Stain + = acid fast (red) - = non-acid fast (blue) Capsule Stain + = capsules (halo around cells) - = no capsules Endospore Stain + = endospores (green) - = no endospores (red) Glucose Fermentation + = yellow (Check for gas) - = red Morphological and molecular based identification of pectinase producing Bacillus licheniformis from rotten vegetable. The reducing sugar content of each fruit juice sample increased after treatment by pectinase (Table 10), which is probably related to the liberation of reducing sugar after the degradation of pectin compounds. Some bacterial species, such asEntero bactertabaci NR14667,could produce the highest pectinase activity at 0.3% of pectin concentration, as reported by Obafemi et al., [30]. Springer Nature. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Haile S, Ayele A. Pectinase from Microorganisms and Its Industrial Applications. 346(20):1529-37. The amplification process took 2:35 total time. Temperatures for enzyme production were maintained at the following temperatures to explore the effects of temperature change on enzyme production using bacterial isolate: 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50C [61]. Finally, the PCR products were sequenced, and the obtained sequence data were analyzed using the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) software (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast) against the 16S ribosomal RNA sequence database, with the mega X software (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mahalik) to generate the phylogenetic tree from the national center for biotechnology [44]. 1979 Apr 19. Today, industrial enzyme technology relies on microbial sources such as bacteria and yeasts. An outbreak of S marcescens bloodstream infections was identified in patients receiving contaminated bags of parenteral nutrition. According to Sohail and Latif [40], the optimal poly galacturonase production ofBacillus mojavensiswas at pH 8.0. bacteremia in Canberra, Australia: a population-based study over 10 years. The indicator will turn yellow if the pH is below 6.8, red if the pH is between 6.8-7.4, and magenta if about 7.4. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. Enzymatic Reactions. Biores Technol. Components Item Proteose Peptone Beef Extract Sodium Chloride Phenol Red Sucrose g/L 10.00 1.00 5.00 0.018 5.00 Final pH (at 25 C) 7.4 0.2 Precautions and Disclaimer Fermentation tests. Serratia infections in a general hospital: characteristics and outcomes. Motility stab. Phenol red is red at pH 7.4 (the original pH of the medium), and yellow below pH 6.8. Miller GL. Before Oumer OJ, Abate D. Screening and molecular identification of pectinase producing microbes from coffee pulp. [17]. Single Colony isolation by Pour Plate Technique using pectin agar plate. One unit of pectinase activities was defined as the amount of glucose released in the term of mol of reducing sugar per ml per minute under Standard assay conditions [43, 57]. Skin ulcers and disseminated abscesses are characteristic of Serratia marcescens infection in older patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Mills J, Drew D. Serratia marcescens endocarditis: a regional illness associated with intravenous drug abuse. WebExplains the antimetastatic effect of prodigiosin through inhibition of tumor invasion in serratia marcescens strains. This indicted that the organism did not utilize The yield variation of apple juice between control and crude pectinase was 20%. The effect of different pH of fermentation medium on pectinase production by bacterial isolate R5-Serratia marcescens was studied. The production of pectinase was optimized by using four parameters namely, fermentation time, temperature, pH, and substrate concentration. Pectinase activity was determined by measuring the amount of released reducing sugar under assay conditions or by enzymatic degradation of pectin as described Nelson-Somogyi methods. The chemical structure of prodigiosin has been unveiled. Explains the study on optimization of prodigiosin production by serratia marcescens msk1 isolated from air. The inoculum was transferred into the sterile In the University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, S marcescens was isolated in 65 (84.4%) of 77 patients with Serratia infection; the remaining 12 patients had infection with a nonmarcescens Serratia species. Negative. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. The final results are then observed. of medical sciences, 37(2), 7273. The pectinase activities and protein content partially purified by ammonium sulfate are presented in Table 8. Explains that serratia marcescens su-10 is optimized for prodigiosin production and its bioactivity. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. Similarly, the 20% of apple juice yield variation was recorded between crude pectinase and purified pectinase. N Engl J Med. Proskauer test instead, tests for the presence of acetoin, which is one of To address this demand for pectinase, a bacterial source of pectinase could be used. The clear apple, lemon, and mango juices were further processed to assess each juice's properties. There was no human or animal participation in the research, and no data was collected. There is a lot of value in the pectinase enzyme because it makes fruit juice clear. The tube was left Bioinformation. Abdollahzadeh R, Pazhang M, Najavand S, Fallahzadeh-Mamaghani V, Amani-Ghadim AR. Indian J Med Microbiol. Google Scholar. 2021;1(137): 110500. the light pink background of the media. Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Jacot-des-Combes C, Briolay J. Genomic characterization of a pectinolytic isolate of Serratia oryzae isolated from lake water. [15] Outbreaks of S marcescensmeningitis, wound infections, and arthritis have occurred in pediatric wards. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Ersoz G, Uguz M, Aslan G, Horasan ES, Kaya A. Outbreak of meningitis due to Serratia marcescens after spinal anaesthesia. If an organism can reduce sulfur, the hydrogen sulfide gas which is produced will react with the iron to form iron sulfide, which appears as a black precipitate. The total titrable acidity of the juices was assessed by titration of the juice sample with 0.2N sodium hydroxide and the pH of cleared and un-clarified fruits (Lemon, Mango, and Apple) juice samples were measured using a pH meter. Microbial etiologies of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia. change in color several minutes after the reagent had been added. Mlynarczyk A, Mlynarczyk G, Pupek J, et al. endobj Article In this analysis, the optimum fermentation period for pectinase development was found to be 72h, and the highest pectinase activities were found to be 6.860.32mol/ml/min of released glucose [Table 4] when pectin was used as a substrate. uuid:d9e4a222-1dd1-11b2-0a00-e40927bd7200 Terms and Conditions, Researchers are becoming more interested in nanoparticles as a result of their vast Immediately after the hydrogen peroxide solution Sader HS, Farrell DJ, Flamm RK, Jones RN. These results indicate that S. marcescens have latent ability to infect and circulate between both plants and animals. They then dissolved the enzyme proteins that had been frozen in saltwater and dialyzed them with dialysis membranes after the above steps were done [61]. Primary screening of Pectinase producing bacteria isolates using pectin agar plate. 2022;23(3):1680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031680. Clin Ther. After the optimum incubation period, the pectinase activities began to decrease. Bacterial Communities and Antibiotic Resistance of Potential Pathogens Involved in Food Safety and Public Health in Fish and Water of Lake Karla, Thessaly, Greece. Haile, S., Masi, C. & Tafesse, M. Isolation and characterization of pectinase-producing bacteria (Serratia marcescens) from avocado peel waste for juice clarification. marcescens. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Parasit Vectors. The samples were transferred into sterilized plastic bags and brought to the microbiology laboratory at AASTU. Negative. As shown three different fruits [apple, lemon, and mango] were subjected to crude and purified pectinase by taking water as control, the maximum clarity of juice was obtained was 95.82% of transmittance for lemon fruit. The sterile inoculating loop was used to pick up an inoculum 2016;9(1):e28594. 2018;56(1):16. https://doi.org/10.17113/ftb.56.01.18.5491. Prez-Toms R, Vias M. New insights on the antitumoral properties of prodiginines. 2023-05-02T01:30:18-07:00 The indicator is included to make reading the test results easier. 2013;5(5):17389. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016667930174. Serratia infection has caused endocarditis and osteomyelitis in people addicted to heroin. The mouths of the test tubes were reflamed and the caps were put back on. Pectinases and their uses are being studied in global research sectors to get optimal fastened activity with enzymes. compound will turn red. Serratia liquefaciens bloodstream infections from contamination of epoetin alfa at a hemodialysis center. Growth On T- Soy agar. Standard Method. Clin Infect Dis. WebJane Buckle PhD, RN, in Clinical Aromatherapy (Third Edition), 2015. Ursua PR, Unzaga MJ, Melero P, et al. The hydrolysis zone of isolate (W3), in particular, was linked to the last tomato isolate [6, 23, 30]. Response surface optimization of conditions for clarification of carambola fruit juice using a commercial enzyme. Spreading rates of bacterial colonies depend on substrate stiffness and permeability. The viscosity of Lemon, Mango, and apple fruits juice samples was evaluated by viscometer at a share rate of 75rpm and room temperature. All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright 1994-2023 by WebMD LLC. 2005;40(9):293144. of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 7(2): 243-246. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. The result of mango juice transmittance obtained in this current experiment affirms the report made by Kumar et al., [50], who received 92.5% of transmittance after 150min of incubation time. 2007 Sep 1. split the amino acid tryptophan into the indole compound. Antonette B Climaco, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of HIV Medicine, HIV Medicine Association, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Philippine Medical AssociationDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. Marcescens Indole Test The total phenol content of the sample was determined by comparing it to the Gallic acid standard curve, with the result represented in mg gallic acid equivalent per ml juice sample (mg GAE/ml)[49]. de Vries JJ, Baas WH, van der Ploeg K, et al. After a 4-h incubation period, the samples were heated for 3min at 40C. It was used to isolate bacteria from avocado peel waste using serial dilution, pour plating, and streak isolation methods. PubMed The supernatant was used as crude enzymes to evaluate the efficiency of bacterial isolates on the production of pectinase activities by using sodium acetate buffer pH 6.8 [1, 45]. Methods Isolation and cultivation of S. marcescens Serratia marcescens (YC16) was isolated from ginger rhizomes with evidence of visible rot symptoms. products. WebAll yeast extracts exhibited a significant dose-dependent antimicrobial effect against both G+ and G- bacteria and had a strong antioxidant effect. Vol 2: 2815-2833. 2002 Jul-Sep. 20(3):167-8. It is associated with urinary and respiratory infections, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, septicemia, wound infections, eye infections, and meningitis. 2018;2018:3859752. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3859752. 2010 Aug 1. Enzyme Res. You can differentiate four types of hemolysis by the appearance of the agar. PMC The potential two bacterial isolates that were identified as being Serratia marcescens and Lysinibacillus macrolides. marcescens revealed that the organism was a gram negative bacteria, MacConkey's agar The total soluble solids (SST) of each fruit (Lemon, Mango, and apple) juice were recorded using a refractometer, and the reducing sugar content of each fruit juices sample was measured by the DNS method [63]. Please confirm that you would like to log out of Medscape. Pectinase-producing bacteria were isolated from coffee pulp [32], and the results of the secondary screening method were lower than isolate R5. Some strains of S marcescens are capable of producing a pigment called prodigiosin, which ranges in color from dark red to pale pink, depending on the age of the colonies. Careers. Res J Microbiol. Serratia species are opportunistic gram-negative bacteria in the large family, Enterobacteriaceae. 89(4):382-7. The pure bacterial isolates were labeled as white colony (W3, W32) red colony (R5), and yellow colony Y31 to make it easier to distinguish between them[Fig. The uses of these enzymes are depicted in Fig. Proskauer Test Diano N, Grimaldi T, Bianco M, Rossi S, Gabrovska K, Yordanova G, Godjevargova T, Grano V, Nicolucci C, Mita L, Bencivenga U. Apple juice clarification by immobilized pectolytic enzymes in packed or fluidized bed reactors. Google Scholar. Home|Lab Exercises|Quizzes|Handouts |Instructors, Glucose fermentation only; Peptone catabolized, Glucose and lactose and/or sucrose fermentation, No fermentation; Peptone used aerobically, Glucose and lactose and/or sucrose fermentation; Gas produced, Red/yellow with bubbles and black precipitate, Glucose fermentation only; Gas produced; H2S produced, Glucose and lactose and/or sucrose fermentation; H2S produced. 51 Suppl 1:S81-7. The pectinase activity increased when we reached the optimum pH and decreased after the optimum pH value. Acquisition of multidrug-resistant Serratia marcescens by critically ill patients who consumed tap water during receipt of oral medication. Cite this article. In the case of Serratia marcescens, when conducting the indole test, the 2010;306785:5. https://doi.org/10.4061/2010/306785. Then, the mixture is incubated. CAS J Genomics. Payal K Patel, MD, MPH Assistant Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System; Medical Director of Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Infectious Diseases Division, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System The Folin-Ciocalteu technique was used to determine each fruit juice sample [23, 25]. Report of six cases of human infection by Serratia plymuthica. 124(1):164-6. doesn't outright mean 2,3-butanediol is present. Mannitol Tubes. Clin Infect Dis. The change in the color of the indicator from pale yellow to purple [Full Text]. This happens with Salmonella and Shigella. WebThe antibacterial effect of red yeast lysates was tested using two model bacterial strains: gram-negative Serratia marcescens and gram-positive Micrococcus luteus. Epub 2005 Sep 29. from the culture tube of Serratia marcescens. According to the results shown in Table 9, the volume of lemon juice was enhanced by three folds from control to crude pectinase (10.0 -13.0ml) and two folds increment from purified pectinase (13.0 -14.5ml), and 86.67% of yield. [5] Serratia odorifera, and Serratia fonticola. Epub 2013 May 22. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Nov. 27(11):1153-8. 28(7):821-4. endobj Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation. Raveendran S, Parameswaran B, Ummalyma SB, Abraham A, Mathew AK, Madhavan A, Rebello S, Pandey A. The most frequently observed infections were respiratory tract infection (32.5%) and keratitis/endophthalmitis (20.8%). Sulfur reduction requires an acidic environment, so if the black precipitate is present, some fermentation took place. endobj The 2018 Jun;8(6):238. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8060238. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies WebAs with the phenol red fermentation broths, if an organism can ferment any of the three sugars present in the medium, the medium will turn yellow. 2016;11:4755. medium. Beg QK, Bhushan B, Kapoor M, Hoondal GS. The .gov means its official. indicator to yellow, but no gas was produced.. National Library of Medicine anaerobic tubes. 20022012509-overviewDiseases & Conditions, encoded search term (Serratia) and Serratia, Fungus May Be 'Key Factor' in Crohn's Disease, Novel Rapid Test for Detecting Carbapenemase, After a Patient Death, Top Cancer Center Issues Corrective Plan. J Biol Chem Res. CGMCC 1669 with potential for application in apple juice clarification. The production medium, which was adjusted to pH 8 produced maximum pectinase activity (8.840.34mol/ml/min), followed by pH 7 (6.660.73mol/ml/min) [Table 5]. The pectinase activity data in this study appear to be comparable to the work of Darah et al., [21]. WebPhenol Red Sucrose Broth is used for the determination of fermentation of sucrose in the differentiation of microorganisms. Horcajada JP, Martinez JA, Alcon A, et al. The organism was able to grow in both aerobic and 2018;4:33748. 8600 Rockville Pike Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 300(16):887-93. indicates that the organism does not have the enzyme tryptophanase 2015). The result of juice clarity treated with crude and purified pectinase was 1.99% and 18.82% more excellent than the previous report by Maktouf et al., [49], which was 77% of transmittance for pectinase using lemon fruit as the raw material for juice clarification. 2000;24(6):396402. The results of the 18 different tests were researched for each of the 16 bacteria. Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, Biological Science (Freeman Scott; Quillin Kim; Allison Lizabeth), Principles of Environmental Science (William P. Cunningham; Mary Ann Cunningham), Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), Forecasting, Time Series, and Regression (Richard T. O'Connell; Anne B. Koehler), Chemistry: The Central Science (Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene H LeMay; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine Murphy; Patrick Woodward), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Campbell Biology (Jane B. Reece; Lisa A. Urry; Michael L. Cain; Steven A. Wasserman; Peter V. Minorsky), Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (Janice L. Hinkle; Kerry H. Cheever), Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. Childhood delayed septic arthritis of the knee caused by Serratia fonticola. They are gram -ve, catalase +ve, oxidase -ve, citrate +ve, MR -ve, VP +ve, urease -ve bacteria. Enzymes are biological catalysts that help chemical reactions occur under various physicochemical conditions. An outbreak of meningitis caused by S marcescens in patients who had undergone spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section has been ascribed to contaminated medications used for this purpose. J Allergy Clin Immunol. Ann Microbiol. Directions: Streak agar in a straight line and incubate for 24 48 hours. Catalysts. Genes C, Baquero E, Echeverri F, Maya JD, Triana O. Mitochondrial dysfunction in Trypanosoma cruzi: the role of Serratia marcescens prodigiosin in the alternative treatment of Chagas disease. Varghese LK, Rizvi AF, Gupta AK. Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. The production media was sterilized at 121C for 15min and inoculation with 2ml of overnight bacterial cultured bacteria. Then, the mixed solution was incubated at 40C in the water bath for 40min. Finally, the analysis of pectinase production and its application in fruit juice clarification were performed using one of the bacterial strains of Serratia marcescens. Result Interpretation of VogesProskauer (VP) Test Positive Reaction: A pink-red color at the surface Examples: Viridans group streptococci (except Streptococcus vestibularis ), Listeria, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Serratia marcescens, Hafnia alvei, Vibrio eltor, Vibrio alginolyticus, etc. WebEnter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. 2007;78(2):5618. As a result, pectinase activity increased as temperature increased and slightly decreased after crossing the optimal temperature of 35C. The highest antioxidant activity was recorded in lemon juice samples. 1959;31(3):4268. April 28th, 2020 If an organism can only ferment dextrose, the small amount of dextrose in the medium is used by the organism within the first ten hours of incubation. As with the phenol red fermentation broths, if an organism can ferment any of the three sugars present in the medium, the medium will turn yellow. Isolation of polygalacturonase-producing bacterial strain from tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). The inoculating loop tool was sterilized with a bunsen burner flame. Outbreak of a cluster with epidemic behavior due to Serratia marcescens after colistin administration in a hospital setting. Article [6]. Serratia are widespread in the environment, but are not a common component of the human fecal flora. The results were presented using the phenolphthalein reagent as an indicator and based on g citric acid per 50ml of each fruit juice [46]. This solution formed a clear zone around the colonies, which indicates that bacterial isolates can produce pectinase and the diameter of clear zones is proportional to the bacterias relative pectinase production capacity [16]. A novel acidic and low-temperature-active endo-polygalacturonase from Penicillium sp. Int J Adv Biotechnol Res. LPS, which is responsible for the biological activity of endotoxin, has been investigated fully and 24 somatic antigens have been described. It also speeds up tea fermentation and eliminates the foam-forming property of instant tea powder by destroying the pectin present in tea powder. Process Biochem. 20 0 obj 4:661-4. Different researchers investigated the molecular characterization of pectinase production with Serratia species. The sample containing bags were closed and stored in a 4 refrigerator until the analysis time [43]. RAPD-PCR has also been applied to a small number of isolates and seems to be a promising method, especially for rapid monitoring of an outbreak and tracing the source of initial infection. Bookshelf However, a positive test result Isolate R5 had the highest pectinase activity of 5.41014mol/ml/min, isolate W3 had the second highest at 3.09017mol/ml/min, and isolate Y31 had the lowest at 2.49023mol/ml/min [Table 2]. The pH indicator phenol red is red at neutral pH but turns yellow at pH <6.8. Enzymes: principles and biotechnological applications. 2011 Oct;24(4):755-91. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00017-11. The pH of each fruit juice sample decreased with pectinase, and the total titrable acidity (TTA) increased after the juice was clarified by pectinase, as shown in Table 10. 10 0 obj They obtained maximum polygalacturonase activity at 1% of the pectin concentration forEntero bacteraerogenes. The lemon juice showed the highest total titratable acidity and total phenol content. an intermediate in the production of butyl glycerol in the fermentation of The range of compounds used depends on the collection of enzymes a species of bacteria can make. specific trait in a bacteria. endobj The organism is capable of fermenting sorbitol Interpretation: (+) = Growth and yellow halo surrounding it (also record growth/no color) It also changes to magenta or hot pink at pH >8.4. 2019;7:64. Punjab Univ J Zool. Adv Stud Biol. Int J Mol Sci. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Explains the study on optimization of prodigiosin production by serratia marcescens msk1 isolated from air. mL of Barritts reagent A and 0 mL of Barritts reagent B was added to the remaining 2 mL They were sub-cultured into a new growth mediumto obtain a pure isolate. The result of the total phenol content of each fruit juice sample also showed a decreasing trend after the treatment of the juice with pectinase, as shown inTable 11.